The changing economic world

birth rate

no of births a year per 1000 people

high birth rate

indicates a less developed country

less contraception etc

death rate

no of deaths a year per 1000 a year

high death rate

indicates a less developed country

as healthcare is worse

life expectancy

measure compares the average number of years a person should live

infant mortality

average no of deaths of infants under 1 years old per 1000 births, per year

high infant mortality

indicates unsanitary conditions

do not meet human basic needs

how is averaging the wealth of a country a limitation of a measure of development

does not account for individual + regional differences

ignores huge variations of wealth + development

wealth may be concentrated in cities + rural areas remain poor

how is not taking into account different currencies a limitation of a measure of development

different currencies have different relative spending power

one thing may be worth more in 1 country than another

how can measure of developments be misleading (do not account for)

as they do not account for quality of life which is socially important and overall life/practical skills

eg - literacy rate ignore skills like farming

what can the measures also be

out of date or unreliable

what is the demographic transition model (DTM)

shows how birth rates and death rates change as a country becomes more economically developed, and how this affects population growth.

level of development of a population can be linked to one of the 5 stages of the DTM

stage 1 of the DTM

HIGH FLUCTUATING

birth+death rate are both high, may fluctuate (war/disease/famine) but overall remains fairly stable

high birth rate to support family businesses

low development bc much of the work is done by hand

stage 2 of the DTM

EARLY EXPANDING

death rate is decreasing due to improvement in healthcare, water and food supply

birthrate remains high bc more children = more workers/can care for parents in old age

stage 3 of the DTM

LATE EXPANDING

death rate continues to slowly fall and birth rate starts to fall from the introduction of family planning and birth control policies

Women in education and work (stop having so many kids)

Urban living makes children more expensive

what is family planning

making informed choices regarding when to have children, how many to have, and the spacing between births

stage 4 of DTM

LOW FLUCTUATING

low birth and death rate

stable population growth

High living standards, Good healthcare, Most families choose fewer children

stage 5 of DTM

DECLINING

very low birth rate

low or rising deathrate

falling population

Aging population + people delay having children