Review for Winter Test. Washington - Jackson

Who ran for President and Vice President for the Federalist Party in the Election of 1800?

John Adams (President) and Charles Pinckney (Vice President)

Who ran for President and Vice President for the Democrat-Republican Party in the Election of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson (President) and Aaron Burr (Vice President)

What was the initial result of the Electoral College in the Election of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr got the same amount of votes.

Who decided the winner of the Election of 1800?

The House of Representatives

Who said, "He is a dangerous man, and he is one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government," influencing the election's outcome?

Alexander Hamilton (about Aaron Burr)

What were the judges John Adams appointed in the final hours of his presidency known as?

Midnight Judges

What was historically significant about Thomas Jefferson's inauguration?

He was the first president sworn in Washington D.C.

Who was appointed Justice of the Peace by John Adams but never received his commission, leading to a famous Supreme Court case?

William Marbury

What major Supreme Court case resulted from the dispute over the judicial commissions?

Marbury v. Madison

Who was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during Marbury v. Madison?

John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin)

What did John Adams describe as the greatest act of his life?

Appointing John Marshall as Chief Justice.

What major power did John Marshall establish in the Marbury v. Madison ruling?

Judicial Review

What is Judicial Review?

The right of the Supreme Court to review the actions of the Presidency and Congress and determine their constitutionality.

What economic actions did Thomas Jefferson take as president?

Slashed taxes, reduced taxes, and increased trade (cutting the national debt in half).

What was Eli Whitney's best invention?

Interchangeable parts

What was the significance of interchangeable parts?

It perfected the concept of standardized, mass-produced parts that could be easily swapped between items (like guns)

What was Eli Whitney's second major invention?

The cotton gin

How did the cotton gin change cotton production?

It drastically improved the process of separating seeds from cotton, increasing production from one pound per day to 50 pounds per day

Who is credited with bringing the Industrial Revolution to America?

Samuel Slater

How did Samuel Slater bring the Industrial Revolution to America?

He memorized the entire design and mechanism of the English milling system (using his photographic memory) and built the first successful mill in Rhode Island

Where did manufacturing boom due to Samuel Slater's work?

The Northern part of the country

Where was Andrew Jackson born?

Tennessee (in 1767)

What major conflict did Jackson join at age 13 as a messenger?

The Revolutionary War

Why did Jackson have a scar on his face for life?

A British officer struck him with a saber after Jackson refused to polish his boots

What family friends took in the orphaned Jackson?

The Donaldsons (near Nashville)

What controversy plagued Jackson's marriage to Rachel Donaldson Robards?

They married in 1791 before Rachel's divorce from her first husband was officially finalized

What was Jackson's plantation home outside Nashville called?

The Hermitage

What reputation did Jackson gain for settling differences?

Dueling

Who did Jackson kill in a famous duel after being shot first?

Charles Dickinson

What Native American conflict did Jackson initiate en route to New Orleans?

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (against the Creek Indians)

What unusual action did Jackson take after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?

He adopted a 14-year-old Native American boy whom he and Rachel raised as a son

What was the political context of the Election of 1824?

The Federalist Party was defunct, leaving only the Democratic-Republican Party

Why did the Election of 1824 have to be decided by the House of Representatives?

No candidate received the required majority of electoral votes

Which candidate won the popular vote and the most electoral votes, but did not win the required majority?

Andrew Jackson

Which candidates were considered by the House of Representatives?

Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford (before he died)

Who was the Speaker of the House who influenced the vote?

Henry Clay

Who did the House of Representatives choose as the sixth U.S. President?

John Quincy Adams

What deal was made between Adams and Clay that led to the accusation of a "Corrupt Bargain"?

Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State (the most powerful cabinet position)

What made the Election of 1828 historically significant?

It was the first in U.S. history with widespread dirty campaigning and slander

What was the most damaging accusation Adams's campaign made against Jackson?

That Jackson was an adulterer (due to the Rachel scandal)

What two accusations did Jackson's campaign make against Adams?

Wearing silk underwear, and using government funds to hire a prostitute for the Czar of Russia

What was the result of the Election of 1828?

Andrew Jackson won by a landslide

What happened to Rachel Jackson during the campaign period?

She died due to the stress and whispering about her marriage

What system did Jackson implement as president, rewarding supporters with government jobs regardless of qualifications?

The Spoils System

What was the goal of Jackson's policy that angered the Southern states?

To pay off the national debt by increasing tariffs (taxes) on imported goods

What did Jackson state in his Jefferson Day Dinner toast?

"Our Union, it must and shall be preserved."

What was Vice President John C. Calhoun's counter-response at the dinner?

"The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear."

What did Senator Daniel Webster state, affirming the Northern position?

"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."

What document did John C. Calhoun write arguing a state could declare a federal law null and void?

The "South Carolina Exposition"

What was the final result of the Tariff Crisis?

South Carolina declared the tariff law nullified

Who stepped in to resolve the crisis by passing a compromise for a gradual tariff reduction?

Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser)

What was the name of the compromise that temporarily averted conflict in 1833?

The Compromise of 1833

Why did the Second Bank of the United States need action from Congress and the President?

Its charter needed to be rechartered every 20 years

How did Jackson destroy the National Bank in 1832?

He vetoed the bill to recharter the bank

What was Jackson's quote about the bank?

"The bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it."

What did Jackson do with all the federal money after destroying the National Bank?

He removed it and distributed it to various state banks

What did Jackson's critics call the state banks where he distributed federal funds?

His "pet banks"

What was Jackson's policy regarding Native American tribes in the Southern states?

To remove them to land west of the Mississippi River

What act gave Jackson the authority to use any means necessary to remove Native American tribes?

Indian Removal Act (1830)

What was the ruling in Cherokee Nation v. U.S. (1831)?

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the Cherokees, stating they lacked standing to sue (as they were neither a "nation" nor a "state")

What was the ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

John Marshall reversed course, ruling in favor of the Cherokees, stating they were entitled to live on their lands

How did Jackson respond to the Supreme Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia?

He ignored it, famously stating

Who led the military to forcibly round up the Creeks and Cherokees?

General Winfield Scott

What was the forced march of 15,000 Native Americans from the Southeast to Oklahoma called?

Trail of Tears

What caused Jackson's entire first cabinet to resign?

The Eaton Affair, a social scandal where cabinet wives ostracized Secretary of War John Eaton's wife, Peggy

What did Jackson replace his resigned cabinet with?

His "Kitchen Cabinet" (informal advisors)

What is the name of the modern political party Jackson solidified?

The Democratic Party (by dropping the word "Republican")

Who founded the opposition party, the Whig Party?

Henry Clay

Why did the opposition name themselves the Whig Party?

They adopted the name of the British party that opposed King George III, calling Jackson "King Andrew"

Who was Jackson's Vice President during his second term?

Martin Van Buren (New York)

What did Jackson's close friend, Sam Houston, say about him on his deathbed?

"My son, that man, Andrew Jackson, was a natural born gentleman."

Who was the President during the Era of Good Feelings?

James Monroe

What key political event led to the Era of Good Feelings?

The collapse of the Federalist Party after the War of 1812

What was the issue in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)?

New Hampshire wanted to turn Dartmouth (a private college) into a state university

What was the ruling in Dartmouth College v. Woodward?

The state cannot alter a private entity's charter; contracts are binding

What was the issue in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

Maryland tried to tax the National Bank

What two constitutional clauses were central to the McCulloch v. Maryland ruling?

The Necessary and Proper Clause (allowing the bank) and the Supremacy Clause (forbidding the tax)

What famous quote did the McCulloch v. Maryland ruling produce?

"The power to tax is the power to destroy."

What was the issue in Gibbons v. Ogden (1823)?

A dispute over steamboat monopolies on the Hudson River granted by New York and New Jersey

What was the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden?

Only Congress has the authority to regulate interstate commerce (State monopolies on interstate trade are invalid)

What was the goal of the American Colonization Society?

To return enslaved people to Africa

What colony was established by the American Colonization Society?

Liberia

What is the capital of Liberia, named after the President?

Monrovia

What crisis threatened the balance of power between free and slave states in 1820?

Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state

What did Thomas Jefferson call the crisis over Missouri statehood?

A "fire bell in the night"

Who was known as "The Great Compromiser" for authoring the Missouri Compromise?

Henry Clay

What was the solution provided by the Missouri Compromise?

Missouri enters as a Slave state; Maine enters as a Free state

What geographical line was established by the Missouri Compromise to regulate future slavery?

The 36°30' Line (Future states above the line are free; states below are slave)

Who proposed the American System?

Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

What was the first federal highway (road) built under the American System?

The National Road (running from Wheeling, VA/WV to Illinois)

What major canal was designed by DeWitt Clinton?

The Erie Canal

What did the Erie Canal connect?

The East Coast to the Mississippi River system via the Great Lakes

What was the first steam locomotive in the U.S. (invented by Peter Cooper)?

Tom Thumb (1830)

What was the first commercial railroad line in the U.S.?

B&O Railroad (Baltimore & Ohio)

Who wrote The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle?

Washington Irving

Who wrote The Last of the Mohicans (part of the Leatherstocking Tales)?

James Fenimore Cooper

Who published the first American dictionary?

Noah Webster

Who invented the first commercial steamboat (The Clermont)?

Robert Fulton (1807)

Who invented the Mechanical Reaper for harvesting grain?

Cyrus McCormick

Who invented the Steel Plow?

John Deere