apush unit 4

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

BACKGROUND: Adams appointed midnight judges before the end of his presidency. Marbury was appointed, but his commission was not delivered on the basis that Madison literally did not want to. Marbury said he had a right to his commission under the Judiciary Act (which allowed presidents to appoint federal judges). The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury DID have a right to his commission but that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional.

SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first time a law has been interpreted, especially as unconstitutional. This established Judicial Review, which allows for the Judicial court to interpret things as constitutional or not.

Marshall Court

The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835).

BACKGROUND: A pivotal era that established the judiciary as a co-equal branch of government, significantly expanded federal power, and laid foundations for American constitutional law through landmark rulings like Marbury v. Madison, which affirmed judicial review, and cases such as McCulloch v. Maryland that strengthened the federal government over states' rights.

SIGNIFICANCE: Marshall’s court increased federal power a LOT.

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled U.S. Congress aimed at suppressing Democratic-Republican opposition and alien sympathizers during the Quasi-War with France. Jefferson and Madison argue that this is unconstitutional.

BACKGROUND: Federalists view (mostly French) immigrants as a THREAT to national security due to the Quasi-War with France. The largest immigrant group coming to America are FRENCH, and immigrants tend to lean toward Republicans. Adams was a Federalist.

SIGNIFICANCE: Causes the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolution

BACKGROUND: A response to the Alien and Sedition acts.

SIGNIFICANCE: The Virginia Resolution establishes the states’ rights to “nullify” (NOT really nullification) the Alien and Sedition Acts because they violated the Bill of Rights. The Kentucky Resolution claimed a state’s right to nullify any federal law if they deemed it unconstitutional. This is known as interposition.

Nullification

BACKGROUND: The Tariff of Abominations generally satisfied northern manufacturers but disadvantaged southern planters. Southerners were incredibly upset, hence the name Tariff of Abominations. People were so upset to the fact that South Carolina declared the Tariff of Abominations to be unconstitutional and literally decided not to follow it, thereby pushing nullification theory, the theory that each state had a right to decide whether or not to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void.

SIGNIFICANCE: Jackson issues a Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, stating that nullification and disunion were treason, emphasizing the social contract.

Thomas Jefferson

1. Louisiana Purchase

2. Embargo Act

3. Marshall Court (Marbury v. Madison)

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson purchases Louisiana territory for a super duper cheap price using the Bank of U.S., going against EVERYTHING he believes in…. kinda ruins his reputation

Embargo Act

Jefferson banned American ships from foreign trade, especially Britain and France. THought it would hurt the other nations’ economies, but it only ended up hurting America’s. Made Jefferson unpopular.

War of 1812

America went to war in 1812 primarily due to British interference with U.S. trade, impressment (forced recruitment) of American sailors, and British encouragement of Native American resistance to U.S. expansion, with some War Hawks also pushing for territorial expansion into Canada, all while defending national honor and sovereignty.

Points of View

1. For Americans, it was a war for national honour and territorial expansion

2. For the British, it was a war to make America a weak, “client state”

3. For Canadians, it was a war to not be American lol

4. For Native Americans, it was a war to maintain an ancestral homeland
   

Includes Tecumseh + Creek Wars

Hartford Convention

A secret meeting between Federalists during the War of 1812 where they discussed opposition to the War of 1812. Painted Federalists as traitors to the nation because the War of 1812 was such a big factor to nationalism. Essentially demolishes the Federalist party.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief, allying with British to block American expansion. Fought near the Ohio River Valley area during the War of 1812.

Creek Wars

1. The Creek Wars of the Southeast (Part of War of 1812)

   1. Creek Indians were divided: some wanted to fight against America, others wanted to fight with America

      1. “Maybe we’ll be spared if we lock in and fight with them…!”

   2. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend

      1. Andrew Jackson debut !!! yay..!!!

         1. Rose to national prominence as a result of his actions in the Creek Wars

         2. The last battle of the war: New Orleans

            1. British attacked and lost. lol… Jackson literally rose to national hero status

      2. Creek nation was essentially eradicated. Even those who fought WITH Jackson weren’t spared.

         1. 23 million acres of Creek land were given to Americans, jeez!!

Era of Good Feelings

Americans are so proud of defeating the British TWICE (they didnt even try to win). Characterized by insanely high feelings of nationalism.

Monroe Doctrine

Also known as the “Self-defense Doctrine.” Latin American countries wanted to revolt after being inspired by revolutions such as the French and Haitian Revolution. Fears that European powers would try to recognize newly independent Latin American powers to expand their influence in the West (and subsequently threatening U.S. security and interests), Monroe issued the doctrine to warn European powers against further colonization.

However, it was not very effective as they didn’t really have the necessary funds to keep their word.

Market Revolution

Market Revolution, Age of Practical Inventions

Prior to the Market Revolution, we had a moral economy, a bartering system. You did NOT exist to earn money or get rich. They got paid in dignity and respect im crying.. the market revolution LITERALLY kills the moral economy

Causes:

• Land shortage in the Northeast (people run out of money to live and make money off of, so they go to more urban areas for work

• Development of mills/factories

  • Lowell system; Mill girls

Effects:

• Urbanization

• Death of moral economy

• Towns become cities, cities become regions

• Major inventions that change speed of production

Erie Canal

A major Canal linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities

American System

1. The American System

   1. Northern States

      1. Infrastructure is created (e.g., Cumberland road, the country’s first connective road; Erie Canal). This was done primarily in the North

      2. Protective tariffs for the North

         1. Increased cost of goods for consumers

   2. Western States

      1. Infrastructure is created as well

   3. Southern States

      1. South gets literally nothing LOLLL

Lowell Mill Girls

Exploited young women who worked in mills/factories for low wages in dangerous and unethical conditions

Missouri Crisis

Missouri is neither clearly in the North or South, but culturally, it’s a slave state… Its admission to the union threatened to break the delicate balance of representation between the North and South.

The Tallmadge Amendment essentially ends slavery in Missouri by ending the importation of them and freeing all slaves at age 25.

1. Missouri Compromise of 1820 (Henry Clay!)

   1. Maine, once a part of Massachusetts, was admitted to the Union as a free state

   2. Missouri was then admitted as a slave state

   3. “Anyone who is North of a certain latitude will be a free state. Anyone South of that line is a slave state.”

      1. Works as a short term, temporary solution to save America from Civil War lol

      2. Henry Clay is heralded as the Great Compromiser after this because everyone was like “omg he saved us i love you henry clay oppar”

   4. Thomas Jefferson says that this compromise is literally gonna be the death of the Union bro. The tensions will continue to build tension further and further until it all explodes

Election of 1824

Jackson v. Adams (Election of 1824)

Although John Quincy Adams lost the Electoral vote (no majority), it went to the House of Representatives. Jackson had the most electoral votes.

Electoral College

The constitutional system for electing the U.S. President, a compromise balancing state power and popular vote, where citizens vote for electors (equal to state's Congress members), and a candidate needs 270 of 538 total electoral votes to win, often via a winner-take-all system in states, ensuring smaller states aren't ignored but sometimes leading to popular vote/electoral vote splits.

Voters vote for a slate of electors pledged to a candidate; these electors then cast the official votes.

Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay swayed 3 states to vote for John Quincy Adams in the Election of 1824 after a meeting between JQA and Henry Clay (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson claims that this was corrupt because Henry Clay became the Secretary of State!! Everyone who became secretary of state becomes president in the following election…

Spoils System

The practice in which the winning political party awards their friends, allies and supporters with government positions and other political benefits → loyalty prioritized over merit.

Andrew Jackson depicted as a demonic figure dangling luxurious items over a crowd represents him giving out government jobs in exchange for support

King Andrew

"King Andrew" is a derogatory nickname and famous political cartoon depicting President Andrew Jackson as a tyrannical monarch, used by his opponents (the Whigs) to criticize his expansion of presidential power, especially his vetoes and actions against the Bank of the United States, trampling the Constitution and ignoring Congress, though Jackson saw himself as a defender of the people against elites.

Worcester v. Georgia

BACKGROUND: Gold is found in Georgia. Worcester was a Christian missionary who was convicted and imprisoned for disobeying a Georgia law that required white men to have a state license to live in Indian territory. He appealed his case to the Supreme Court, which posed the question: Does the state of Georgia have the authority to regulate the intercourse between citizens of its state and members of the Cherokee Nation?

SIGNIFICANCE: The answer to the question: No. Laws of the United States regard Native territory as separate from that of the states. Therefore, all intercourse with them shall be carried on exclusively by the FEDERAL government They shut down Georgia’s attempts in trying to get Cherokee land–it’s not a power of the states, it’s a federal power. This somewhat leads to the Treaty of New Echota

Treaty of New Echota

• Jackson sides with the states rather than the Natives (of course)

• Gives the Cherokee land to the U.S. for only FIVE MILLION dollars.

• Signed by 500 Cherokee, objected by 16,000 Cherokee… yikes!!

Adams-Onis Treaty

Gives us Florida!

Rush Bagot Pact

Starts our boundary with Canada!

Second Great Awakening Reforms: goals, successes, key figures

Temperance: a reform movement focused on the elimination of ALL alcohol

• Response to the disastrous effect of alcoholism on the economy and society

• Incredibly successful, leads to abolition

Women’s Suffrage

• Cult of Domesticity

• Seneca Falls Convention

  • Declaration of Sentiments

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Susan B. Anthony

• Lucretia Mott

Abolition

• Gradualists vs. Immediatists

• William Lloyd Garrison

• David Walker

• Nat Turner

Quasi War

As a result of tensions between the U.S. and France, an undeclared Quasi War was started between the two nations, almost entirely at sea.

SIGNIFICANCE: As a result of the peace treaty, France recognized America as a nation and profitable trade was restored.

XYZ Affair

France disrespects America by sending three unknown representatives who didn’t care so much to the point that they remained anonymous, known entirely as Mr. X, Mr. Y, and Mr. Z. They made unreasonable demands for a proper meeting, which angered Americans heavily.

BACKGROUND: In response to French warships and privateers seizing U.S. merchant ships., 3 American representatives were sent to negotiate with the leader of France, Talleyrand.

SIGNIFICANCE: Officially makes America hate the French and starts the Quasi War.