Nature vs. Nurture

Genetic

Traits passed down from parents to offspring through DNA.

Chromosome

Structures in cells that contain genes, humans have 23 pairs.

Identical Twins

Twins from one fertilized egg that splits, sharing 100% of their DNA.

Fraternal Twins

Twins from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm, sharing 50% of their DNA.

Dominant Genes

Genes that express their trait even if only one copy is present.

Recessive Genes

Genes that only express their trait if two copies are present.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Phenotype

The observable traits of an individual.

Behavior Genetics

the study of the manner in which genetic variation affects psychological phenotypes (traits), including cognitive abilities, personality, mental illness, and social attitudes

Nature

Traits and behaviors influenced by genetics.

Nurture

Traits and behaviors influenced by the environment.

Heritability

The extent to which differences in traits are due to genetics.

Interaction

How genetics and environment work together to shape behavior.

Cross-Sectional Study

A study that analyze a group of people at a single point of time.

Longitudinal Study

A study that observes the same participants over time.

Natural Selection

Survival of traits that aid reproduction and survival.

Placenta

Organ connecting fetus and mother, providing nutrients and oxygen.

"Handling"

Physical interaction with infants that can promote development.

Peer Influences

Impact of friends and age-mates on behavior.

Parent Influences

Impact of parents on a child’s behavior and development.

Biological Sex

The physical characteristics (chromosomes, hormones, reproductive organs) that define male and female.

Social Learning Theory

The theory that people learn behaviors and roles by observing and imitating others, often reinforced through rewards and punishments.

Gender Role

Expectations about how males and females should behave in a given society.

Gender-Typing

The process of acquiring gender-specific behaviors and roles.

Gender Identity

A person’s sense of being male, female, or something else.

Androgyny

Displaying both masculine and feminine traits.