psyc 1 （2）

Functionalism (Function-based psychology)

Focus on how mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment; founded by William James.

Freud's unconscious mind theory (Psychoanalysis)

Behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences; explored via dream analysis and free association.

Gestalt psychology (Holistic perception)

Emphasizes the whole experience rather than breaking it down into parts; introduced by Wertheimer, Köhler, and Koffka.

Behaviorism (Observable behavior study)

Focus on observable behaviors and learning; major figures include Watson and Skinner.

Operant conditioning (Behavior modification)

A form of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences like rewards and punishments; developed by B. F. Skinner.

Humanism (Innate human goodness)

Emphasizes individual potential for growth and free will; associated with Maslow and Rogers.

Cognitive revolution (Mind-focused shift)

1950s movement returning focus to mental processes with influence from computer science and neuroscience.

Biological psychology (Brain and behavior)

Study of how biology and the nervous system influence behavior.

Sensation and perception (Sensory processing)

Study of how sensory input is received and interpreted to form perceptions.

Developmental psychology (Lifespan development)

Study of physical, cognitive, and social changes across a person’s life.

Personality psychology (Individual differences)

Focus on unique patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior that define personality.

Industrial-organizational psychology (Workplace behavior)

Applies psychological principles to improve employee performance and workplace environment.

Health psychology (Health and behavior)

Explores how psychological factors, lifestyle, and biology interact to influence health.

Sport and exercise psychology (Performance psychology)

Studies how mental states affect physical performance in athletic and high-stress activities.

Forensic psychology (Law and psychology)

Applies psychology to legal issues such as competency, witness credibility, and jury behavior.

Clinical psychology (Disorder diagnosis and treatment)

Focus on diagnosing and treating mental illness and behavioral problems.

Counseling psychology (Healthy individuals)

Helps people deal with life issues such as relationships, careers, and stress management.

PsyD (Doctor of Psychology degree)

Professional doctorate focused on clinical practice rather than research.

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy degree)

Research-focused doctorate typically required for academic and scientific careers.

Postdoctoral training (Career preparation)

Research or clinical training after a doctoral degree to gain expertise before becoming faculty or licensed psychologist.

Bachelor’s in psychology (Undergraduate degree)

Provides foundational knowledge and skills valuable in various fields such as business, health, or education.