philosophy test .2

Moral grammar/moral programming

- The idea that humans have built-in rules for making moral decisions.

   - It's like having an internal guide for knowing right from wrong.

Who is Kant and what did he believe

   - Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who focused on duty and moral rules.

   - He believed we should act according to universal principles.

Deontological

- An ethical approach that focuses on following rules or duties.

   - It means some actions are right or wrong, no matter the outcome.

Autonomy

It means being independent and self governing

Categorical imperative

This is a rule by Kant that says you should act only according to principles that could be universal laws. It means doing what you think everyone should do in the same situation

Divine command

The idea that moral rules are given by god. These actions are right or wrong based on god’s commands.

Thomas Aquinas

À médiéval philosopher and theologian who combined Christian theology with aristotle’s philosophy

He is known for his work on natural law and moral theory

Heteronomy

Being influenced or controlled by others in making decisions

It is the opposite of making choices on your own

Autonomy of will

Making decisions based on your own will, without outside influence

It’s about being self directed in your choices

Maxims

Personal rules or principled you follow through your actions

In Kants view, these should be personal and apply to everyone

Good will

Doing something because it’s the right thing to do, not for any benefit

Natural law ethics

The belief that moral principles are based on human nature and can be discovered through reason. It suggests that certain actions are naturally right or wrong.

Utilitarianism (act,rule)

The belief that the best action is the one that results in the most happiness

Rule utilitarianism

The belief that following rules that generally lead to the greatest happiness is best.

Jeremy Bentham

   - An English philosopher who founded modern utilitarianism.

   - He believed in measuring happiness to decide right actions.

Hedonic Calculus

A method proposed by Bentham to calculate the pleasure or pain from an action.

   - It considers factors like intensity and duration of happiness.

John Stuart mill

A philosopher who expanded on benthams utilitarianism

He emphasized quality of happiness, not just quantity

Moral foundation theory

   - A theory suggesting there are several basic foundations of morality.

   - It identifies different moral values across cultures, like fairness and loyalty.

Consequentialism

The belief that outcomes of actions determine their morality

It means that the ends justify the means

Non consequentialism

The belief that actions can be right or wrong regardless of their outcome

Moral absolutism

The belief that there are absolute standards of right and wrong

Environmental Ethics (including approaches)

The study of moral principles guiding how humans interact with the environment.

   - Approaches include deep ecology, which values all living things, and anthropocentrism, which prioritizes human needs.

Egoism

Thé belief that self-interest is the foundation of morality

It suggests that people should act in ways that benefit them

Virtue ethics

A moral theory that focuses on developing good character traits

Emphasize virtues like kindness and honesty over rules or outcomes

Aristotle

An Ancient Greek philosopher who developed virtue ethics

He believed in living a balanced and virtuous life

Eudaimonia

A Greek word used by Aristotle meaning flourishing or living well

Pursuit of happiness

The idea of seeking a fulfilling and happy life

Often associated with personal well being

Virtues

Positive character traits like courage honesty and kindness

They are qualities that help people live good and moral lives

Golden mean

Aristotles concept of finding the balanced middle ground between extremes. It suggests moderation in all things to achieve virtue