Unit 2 US History Test - European Colonization
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What was Hernan Cortes known for?
his expedition to Mexico from Cuba
What was the purpose of Cortes’ expedition?
to collect more workers
What was the first thing that happened to Cortes when he got to Mexico?
he was attacked by the natives
Why were Cortes and his men able to defeat the natives?
they had more technological advancements like guns
Who was Malinche?
she was a native women who was a peace offering to stop war between the natives and Spanish
What happened to Malinche under Spanish care? (3 things)
she became Cortes’ closest confidante, she was baptized to become Cathloic, and married Cortes
What was the advantage of having Malinche around?
she spoke many different languages and could translate between the groups
What crazy thing did Cortes do to keep the men in Mexico?
he burned their ships and this forced the men to press forward
What was the significance of Tlaxcala?
Cortes formed an alliance with the people in order to bring down Tenochtitlan
Who was the Aztec emperor at this time?
Montezuma
What was Tenochtitlan?
man made island with Aztecs
What were the two things Cortes noticed in Tenochtitlan?
priests with blood matted in their hair and tzompantli which is a pile of human bones
What was Cortes’ plan to overcome the Aztecs?
take Montezuma hostage and rule through him
What was the Noche Triste?
the Spanish wanted to convert the Aztecs to Catholic but the Aztecs launched this as a counterattack to drive them out
What happens after Cortes takes over the Aztec empire in 1521? (2 things)
he burns the city and builds Mexico City
Who conquered the Incan empire in 1531?
Francisco Pizarro
How did Pizarro overpower the Incans?
the same way Cortes overpowered the Aztecs
Who was Panfilo de Narvaez?
he was a Spanish explorer who came to Florida looking for gold and silver
How many people survived the expedition to Florida?
only one: Cabeza de Vaca
What is Cabeza de Vaca known for?
walking to New Mexico in 8 years
What is Francisco de Cornado known for? (3 things)
looks for 7 seas of gold, talks of shaggy cows (buffalo), tortured a slave for leading him on
What is Hernando de Soto known for?
exploring to Southeast (De Soto caverns)
Where did De Soto die?
along the Misissippi River
Who was Juan de Onate?
spanish conquistador, established the colony of New Mexico and Sante Fe in 1609
What were presidios?
built lines of Spanish forts
What does El Camino Royal translate to?
the royal highway
What are hidalgos?
2nd born sons, trades men,coming to America to make a name for themselves
What was the Encomienda system?
economic system where Natives worked for a soldier in exchange for protection, their souls were allso saved/converted
Who were Peninsulares?
people born to Spanish parents in Spain
What ind of jobs did Peninsulares have?
the best jobs, high power in govt. and church
Who were Criollos?
people born to Spanish parents in the new world
What occupation did most Criollos have?
merchants
Who were Mestizos?
people with mixed Native and Spanish parents
What was the Council of the Indies?
the group appointed by the kings that governed the Spanish Empire for the Americas
What was the audencia?
the group that governed local affairs in the Americas
What was mainly the economy in the Americas for the Spanish?
mining for gold and silver
What was a Hacienda?
a ranch that raised liverstock in order to feed the miners
Why did the Spanish have to have Haciendas?
the land in Mexico was not good for crops
What was a Vaquero?
Spanish cowboys who worked on the Haciendas
What was the purpose of the Spanish coming to the Americas?
to mine for gold
What was the purpose for the Spanish coming to Mexico?
to get more workers for farming and mining
Who conquered the Incans?
Pizarro
What is Giovanni de Verrazzano known for? (2 things)
being the first explorer sent by France to come to the Americas and mapping from the Northwest coast to Canada
What was the reason for Verrazzano's expedition?
he was sent by King Fraces I to find the Northwest Passage
What was the supposed Northwest Passage?
a passage through the Americas by water in the Northwest
Why didn't the French want to find a Southwest Passage?
the French would run into the Spanish and it would probably cause a war
What is Jaques Cartier known for?
finding the major seaway through Canada: St. Lawrence
What was Samuel de Chaplain's mission?
to establish a colony
What was the fist French colony called? First settlement?
New France; Quebec
What was the French economy based off of in North America?
fur trade
Why was fur a better option for the French? (2 things)
it was water resistant and cooler than wool
What did the French make their fur from?
beaver pelts
How was the French and Native relationship in the North?
very good, they made alliances to help with trade
What were settlers in New France called?
coureurs de bois (runners of the woods)
Where did the coureurs de bois live?
with and around the Natives in the area
Who were the Black Robes?
Catholic priests living in New France
How did King Louis XIV plan on growing the new French settlement in America?
by giving French people incentives to more there
What incentives did King Louis XIV give to the French? (3 things)
sent women to the settlement, promised a wedding gift for people married before 20, raised taxes for those not married by 25
What are Louis Joliet and Jaques Marquette known for?
discovering the Mississippi River in 1673
What is Robert de la Salle known for?
traveling all the way down the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico
What was St. Augustine?
the first permanent European settlement in the North
Who was John Cabot? (3 things)
sent by King Henry VII in 1497, looks for the Northwest Passage, disappeared on his second voyage
What were the 3 main reasons why England didn't colonize?
didn't find anything, didn't have enough money, Catholic
Why was is significant that English was Catholic?
the Treaty of Tordesilllas applied, the pope had already given the land to Portugal and Spain
Who was Martin Luther? (2 things)
nailed the 95 theses to the church door written in Latin, spread throughout England because students understood Latin
What did Martin Luther disagree with in the Catholic church? (2 things)
indulgences and salvation by works
What is an indulgence?
a way people bought forgiveness for their sins
What did Martin Luther believe about salvation?
that it was achieved by faith alone, not works
What reformation occurred in 1517?
the Protestant Reformation
What did John Calvin argue? (2 things)
that the congregation should be able to decide who their religious leaders and predestination
What is predestination?
the idea that God already determined who would be saved
What significant event happens in 1527?
England breaks away from the Catholic church to start the Anglican church
Who was the ruler at the time of the split?
King Henry VIII
Why did King Henry VIII want to split from the Catholic Church? (2 things)
he wanted a divorce from Cathryn of Argon and the Catholic Church wouldn't grant him that
Why wouldn't the church grant the king a divorce? (2 things)
because his wife was the aunt to the King of Spain, they didn't want to make Spain angry
Who were the Puritans? (2 things)
they were Protestant religious Englishmen who wanted to purify the Anglican Church of all Catholic elements
Why was Queen Elizabeth I significant to the Puritans?
she let them clean up the Anglican church during her rule
Who was King James I? (2 things)
he was a king who didn't like the Puritans and he thought he deserved power in the church
What was the enclosure movement? (2 things)
when land was fenced in and bought to make money off of wool, England economy moved from farming crops to wool
How did the enclosure movement affect the serfs? (3 things)
less were needed to get wool, they were kicked off the land, forced to move to cities
What happened in joint stock companies?
merchant pulled their money together to fund voyages across the Atlantic for wool
Who was Martin Frobisher?
he hoped to trade wool for spices in the Americas, but sells it to the Natives instead
When did Frobisher go to the Americas?
1576
What were privateers? (2 things)
sailors who were paid to hit Spanish boats, protected by the English govt
What did privateering lead to?
piracy
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
he set up the first outpost for privateers
What was the state Sir Walter Raleigh named? Why?
Virginia, after the Virgin Queen Elizabeth
What happened when Raleigh returned to the colony two years later?
it was completely abandoned with no people present
What is this abandoned city also known as?
the Lost Colony of Roanoke
What was the difference between the Anglican Church and Catholic Church?
In Anglican Church, king was the head of the church
What did Martin Luther famously say?
Protestants have forgotten what they are protesting
Who owned land in England and started the enclosure act?
The nobles
What was Jamestown?
The first permanent English settlement in America
What was the Virginia Company?
A joint stock company that brought colonists to Jamestown
What did the Virginia Company ask the king for? Why?
A charter; to set up a business in the new world
What type of people were sent to Jamestown?
Townspeople and gentlemen
What was the problem with townspeople and gentlemen coming to Jamestown?
They had no survival skills like hunting or farming
What happened to the population in Jamestown in the beginning?
Many people die of starvation
Who is known to save the colony of Jamestown? How?
John smith; by making an alliance and trading with the Powhatan Confederacy
Who saves John Smiths life after he is captured?
Pocahontas throws her body on him to spare him