Greek Architecture Quals

 Doric Order. Temple of Aphaia at Aegina

 Samos. Heraion I and II. Plan of sanctuary with Hekatompedon I

7th c. BCE

Samos: Temple of Hera I Plan Hekatompedon I, 2nd phase
 c.700 B.C

 Samos: Sanctuary of Hera Plan 2nd Heraion w/ early sanctuary restored (early 7th C. BC)

Isthmia. Archaic Temple of Poseidon. Restoration at southwest corner

7th c. BCE

Thermon. Apollo Temple C. Plan.

640-625 BCE

Corfu. Temple of Artemis. Facade reconstruction.

Temple of Hera

Built ca. 600 BC; wooden columns were replaced with stone ones gradually between the Archaic period and Roman times(2nd century BC - 4th century AD)

Phase I: Late Geometric, horseshoe plan

Phase II: c. 600-590 Doric structure with stone foundation, mudbrick walls and wooden columns

-slowly replaced by subscription like stone columns at other sites 

-innovative in introducing double row of columns in central hall instead of one row down center of it as previously

-called temple of Hera because of account of Pausanias, but martial offerings indicate it was likely a joint temple of Zeus and Hera, remained temple of Hera alone once Zeus received a new limestone temple in 5th c.

Corinth. Temple of Apollo. Restored plan.

 Selinus: Temple C reconstruction gorgon head from center of pediment
c.540 B.C

Temple C, view from the southwest with ruins of Temple B in the foreground
 Date:     c. 550-525 BCE

 Paestum: Basilica: plan
    Title:     Hera I
    Date:     c.530 B.C

Paestum. Temple of Athena. Elevation and plan with altar.

Late 6th c. BCE

Paestum Temple of Athena, late 6th c. BCE, view from NW

Aeolic Order capital from temple at Neandria
    Date:     2nd qtr. 6th C. B.C

Didyma. Temple of Apollo. Reconstruction of order.

 Ephesus: Temple of Artemis IV miscellaneous Ionic capital
    Date:     c.560 B.C

Siphnian Treasury at the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi [reconstruction of the entrance facade]
    Date:     ca. 530-525 B.C.E.

-built by island of Siphnos, attacked and conquered by pirates c.525 BCE

-most elaborate building at Delos, all marble, Ionic order

-Kore columns aka caryatids, poss dedicated by wealthy women?

-N architrave frieze shows Achilles battling Memnon for body of Greek soldier at Troy (

-N and E sides of frieze use deep relief with foreshortening, south and west sides do not, show pitfalls of sylistic dating since created at same time

-also N frieze (shown here): Gods on Olympos weighing fate of two battling heroes, like Siphnia weighs mineral wealth using scales

-but also elite heroic culture that shored up status of those who held political power

Athens. Temple on the Ilissos. Elevation: Portico.

Delphi: Athenian Treasury: Ext.: Facade

5th c. BCE

-Doric order, metopes with scenes of Athenian hero Theseus fighting Amazons and pan-Hellenic hero Heracles fighting Geryon.

-completely built in marble, meant to one-up earlier Alkamonid temple at Delphi, civic power triumphing over power of artistocratic families. Next to Alkamonid temple to assimilate it into the city-state.

Aegina. Temple of Aphaia. Isometric reconstruction drawing.

ca. 490-480 BCE

Temple of Aphaia (Temple of Athena Aphaia), east façade

Early 5th c. BCE

   Aegina. Temple of Aphaia. Plan.

Early 5th c. BCE

Temple of Zeus Olympios (Olympeium) plan
    Date:     ca. 470-460 B.C.E.

Telamon from the Temple of Olympian Zeus

480 BCE

 Agrigento: Olypieum reconstruction side
Date:     c.510-409 B.C

Paestum: Temple of Poseidon (Hera II) restored plan
    Date:     c.460 B.C
   

Temple of Neptune, Paestum, Italy, 5th c. BCE

Temple of Hera II (Temple of Neptune; Temple of Poseidon), Paestum
c. 460 BCE

Olympia. Temple of Zeus. Section of porch and east facade.

475-450 BCE

Internal frieze shows Labors of Heracles. Unique in showing a unified narrative, different events from Heracles’ life and establishing narrative continuity like showing Athena “aging” from a maiden to a mature woman in later labors. Appropriate because Heracles laid out sanctuary of Olympia.

Expresses psychological state of characters through poses and lines of sight of the figures.

Integration of depicted and architectural space:

-compositions clear masses with painted backgrounds of red and blue making the figures pop

-carved deeply, figures standing at an angle to the back of the relief to give illusion of greater depth, no longer aligning figures with front of block like in Archaic period

-Heracles interacts with architectural elements. When he holds up the sky in the Atlas scene, he seems to be holding up the architrave itself. He appears to be building the temple through his labors

This shows east side metopes 7-12

The Erymanthian Boar, Horses of Diomedes, Cattley of Geryon, Apples of the Hesperides, Cerberus, Augean stables

 Olympia. Temple of Zeus. Reconstruction of east facade.

470-460 BCE

-Doric style, columns more slender than in Archaic

-built from limestone stuccoed to look like marble, and painted red and blue

-external metopes blank, but not internal ones

-pediments have marble sculptures with deep folds of drapery used to model figures, typifying Early Classical Style

1. Cloth draped in a way to suggest motion even if body static

2. Modeling lines: run in long curves over a surface to emphasize volume

3. Chain lines: hang from two or more points like swagging

Here E. Pediment showing preparations for the race between Pelops and Oinomaos for the hand of Hippodameia, who are standing on either side of Zeus who is in the center. Hippodameia and her mother standing on either side of the two men. 5 upright figures line up with the triglyphs and columns immediately under them.

This race the mythical origins of the Olympic games

Zeus turns toward Pelops because he is going to win.

Olympia: Sanctuary Plan

Date:     5th C. B.C

Athens: Acropolis Model under Early Roman Empire

5th c. BCE

Athens. Acropolis. Plan.

400 BCE

  Creator:     Designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates; statues by Phidias
    Title:     Acropolis, Parthenon
    Date:     Built between 448 and 438 BC at the site of the Archaic hekatompedon; decorated in 438 - 432 BC; transformed into a church in the 6th century, into a mosque in the 15th and into an arsenal in the 17th

 Creator:     Designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates; statues by Phidias
    Title:     Acropolis, Parthenon
    Date:     Built between 448 and 438 BC at the site of the Archaic hekatompedon; decorated in 438 - 432 B

 Creator:     Mnesikles (architect).
    Title:     Acropolis. Propylaia. Exterior. View from below.
    Date:     437-432 BC

Acropolis. Propylaia

 Creator:     Mnesikles (architect)
    Date:     437-432 BC

    Creator:     Mnesikles
    Title:     Athens. Acropolis. Propylaea. Plan, ca. 700.

Title:     Athens: Acropolis: Temple of Athena Nike: Ext.: View from S (Odeion)
    Date:     c.427 B.C

   Title:     Athens (Acropolis): Temple of Athena Nike : Ext.: E Entablature South 1/3
    Date:     c.427B.C

 Acropolis. Temple of Athena Nike. View from the east.
    Date:     ca. 435-425 BC

 Creator:     Probably originally designed by Mnesicles; Philocles cited as architect in the last period construction
    Title:     Acropolis, Erechtheion, Temple of Athena Polias
    Date:     Built between the years 438 and 406 or 405 BC, probably to replace an earlier 6th-century temple; renovated between 27 BC and 14 AD after a fire destroyed original roof; in the 7th century AD converted into a church. In 1676 it became a Turkish residence and harem.

  Title:     Athens: Acropolis: Erechtheion or temple of Athena Polias

General view (by architect Mnesicles?) from Southeast
    Date:     421-405 B.C

    Creator:     Probably originally designed by Mnesicles; Philocles cited as architect in the last period construction
    Title:     Acropolis, Erechtheion, Sanctuary of Athena Polias
    Date:     Built between the years 438 and 406 or 405 BC, probably to replace an earlier 6th-century temple;

   Creator:     Iktinos
    Creator:     Kallikrates
    Title:     Athens. Acropolis. Parthenon. Exterior view. Detail: Curvature of north colonnade.

   Title:     Greek Agora, Temple of Hephaistos/ Theseion
    Date:     Designed during the first half of the 5th century BC; built ca. 440 BC
    Location:     Athens, Greece
    Style Period:     Doric, Ionic frieze; Classical Greece
    Description:     On the Greek Agora's west edge, lies a Doric peripteral hexastyle temple of Hephaistos, also known as the Theseion. The building is well preserved mainly because it was later transformed into a Christian church. It was designed during the first half of the 5th century BC, perhaps under Cimon, but was built probably at the same time as the Parthenon (circa 440 BC). The structure was built using Pentelic marble and it has a rectangular plan with a peristasis of six on thirteen columns. This temple incorporated a combination of Early Classical architecture together with features borrowed from the Parthenon. While its pronaos and opisthodomos are deep, the cella is similar to that of the Parthenon. Fragments of the pediment and acroteria, attributed to Alcamenes, still remain. There were found 18 metopes on the eastern side and the ends of the long sides adjacent to it are all made of Parian marble like the rest of the sculptural decoration of the temple. They are all pre-Phidian in style, however the Ionic frieze of the pronaos and opisthodomos, a centauromachy, is in the Phidian style. 

   Title:     Temple of Hephaestus ("Theseion") plan
    Date:     ca. 449-444 B.C.E.
    Location:     Agora, Athens, Greece

    Culture:     Greek
    Title:     Soúnion
    Title:     Temple of Poseidon

c. 440 BCE

    Title:     Temple of Apollo Epikurios plan
    Date:     ca. 420 B.C.E.

Bassae, Greece

Bassae: Temple of Apollo Epikourios: Ext.: view from NW
    Date:     Late 5th C. B.C

  Title:     Bassae: Temple of Apollo Epikourios: Ext.: S view toward adyton
    Date:     Late 5th C. B.C

Late 5th c. Greek Temple, Segesta, Italy

    Creator:     Built by the Phocian architect Theodoros
    Title:     Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, Tholos Heroon of Phylakos
    Date:     Built 380-370 BC

 Creator:     Built by the Phocian architect Theodoros
 Title:     Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, Tholos Heroon of Phylakos
 Date:     Built 380-370 BC

 Delphi: Tholos Plan: construction details section with corinthian capital; inner columns

5th c. BCE

   Title:     Epidauros: Tholos Plan:
    Date:     c.360-330 B.C

 Greek Theater in Delphi, Greece
Date:     Originally built in the 4th century BC; renovated in the 2nd century BC

Tegea: Temple of Athena Alea Plan
Date:     c.360 B.C

Temple of Athena
    Date:     Built from the mid-4th century BC to the 2nd century BC
    Location:     Priene, Turkey
    Style Period:     Ionic, Hellenistic

    Title:     Cnidus. The Lion Tomb. Reconstruction.
    Work Type:     Architecture
    Site:     Cnidus (Knidos, Cnidus Nova), Turkey.

Nemea, Greece. Temple of Zeus. Restored plan.

c. 340 BCE

 Nemea: Temple of Zeus Plan Longitudinal section
    Date:     c.340 B.C

Sanctuary of Zeus, Temple of Zeus, platform and three columns
Date:     c. 340-320 BCE

Nemea. Temple of Zeus. Restored longitudinal section through cella.

340-320 BCE

Classical

Temple of Apollo, Didyma, Turkey

Late 4th c.

Hellenistic

    Creator:     Paionios of Ephesus and Daphnis of Miletos, architects
    Culture:     Hellenistic
    Title:     Temple of Apollo, interior, looking southwest
    Work Type:     architecture
    Date:     begun c. 300-287 BCE, on the site of temples built c. 700-650 BCE and c. 550-500 BCE; building continued into the 1st century CE and never completed
    Location:     Didyma, Turkey
    Description:     first building campaign funded by Seleukos Nikator

    Creator:     Paionios of Ephesos
    Creator:     Daphnis of Miletos
    Title:     Didyma. Temple of Apollo. Restored plan.
    Work Type:     Architecture
    Date:     late 4th century BCE
    Site:     Didyma (Branchidai, Didim), Turkey.

    Creator:     2nd century BC reconstruction by Roman architect Marcus Cossutius
    Title:     Temple of Zeus Olympios, Temple of Olympian Zeus
    Date:     Construction begun in the 6th century BC or earlier; reconstructed in 175-164 BC; completed in the 2nd century AD
    Location:     Athens, Greece
    Style Period:     Archaic Greece, Classical Greece; Hellenistic; Roman Empire; Corinthian
    Description:     The colossal temple of Zeus Olympios is one of the city's most ancient religious buildings. A part of it still stands in the wide temenos of the Olympieion area, southeast of the Acropolis at the heart of the neapolis, the 'new city'. The temenos is accessible through a hexastyle propylon in the northeastern sector. The temple was probably built at the 6th century BC or earlier, it was renovated a few decades later by the Pisistratids who gave the renovated structure an oriental-leaning appearance. The temple was re-designed in the Corinthian style with a dipteral plan and dimensions even more imposing under Antiochos IV of Syria, who entrusted the work to the Roman architect Marcus Cossutius (175 - 164 BC). Hadrian's architect elaborated even more on this design to build the largest Corinthian temple in the ancient world (110 x 44 meters). The temple's construction was only completed in the 2nd century AD; it was one of the last examples of architectural gigantism in the Classical Age and was clearly inspired by eastern Hellenistic models. Only about 15 columns on the south and east side remained. Hadrian associated the Imperial cult with that of Zeus, who was venerated with a statue of gold and ivory in the temple.

    Culture:     Hellenistic
    Title:     Altar of Zeus from Pergamon
    Title:     overall view
    Date:     erected circa 180 BCE

   Creator:     Hermogenes of Alabanda
    Title:     Magnesia on Maeander. Temple of Artemis. Plan.

Classical

    Title:     Stoa of the Athenians
    Date:     Built ca. 478 BC
    Date:     8-Apr-12
    Location:     Delphi, Greece
    Style Period:     Classical Greece, Ionic
    Description:     At the eastern extremity of the big polygonal wall that retained the terrace of the Temple of Apollo a 30-meter stoa having seven monolithic Ionic columns was erected by the Athenians after the Persian wars circa 478 BC. An inscription found on the stylobate mentioned that the purpose of the stoa was to exhibit the spoils of war of their victory over the Persians.

   Title:     Old Smyrna. Fortifications. Section drawing of successive phases.
    Work Type:     Architecture
    Site:     Smyrna (Izmir), Turkey.

 Title:     Athens: Map of Dipylon area w/ Plans
    Location:     Athens (Greece)

Olynthos. Plan of blocks A v to A vii.

Classical

Olynthos. Villa of Good Fortune. Restored plan.

Classical

   Title:     Vergina. Hellenistic Palace. Plan.
    Work Type:     Architecture
    Site:     Vergina, Greece
    Style Period:     Hellenistic

   Title:     Alexandria: Necropolis of Mustafa Pasha Tomb I: Int.: view of peristyle
    Title:     Necropolis of Mustafa Pasha
    Date:     late 3rd early 2nd C. B.C
    Location:     Alexandria (Egypt)

    Title:     Priene. House no. 33. Plans: Original and later forms.
    Work Type:     Architecture
    Site:     Priene (Turunçlar), Turkey.

    Culture:     Hellenistic
    Title:     Courtyard of a house, with columns and mosaic pavement
    Date:     2nd century BCE
    Location:     Delos, Greece

    Creator:     Iktinos
    Title:     Eleusis. Telesterion. Plan showing relative position of Anaktoron.
 Site:     Eleusis, Greece.

 Athens. Agora. Plan.

 Title:     Megalopolis. Thersilion. Plan.
    Site:     Megalopolis, Greece.

   Title:     Piraeus. Naval Arsenal of Philo. Restoration.

 Creator:     Philo of Eleusis
    Date:     340-330 BCE

    Title:     Priene, Asia Minor: Agora Int.: restoration of stoa
    Date:     2nd. C. B.C

Priene, Asia Minor: Agora restoration entrance elevation
    Date:     2nd. C. B.C

Assos,Turkey. Steeply terraced Agora. Plan.

2nd c. BCE

 Assos,Turkey: Agora Reconstruction; aerial view

2nd c. BCE

Athens. Agora. Stoa of Attalos. Plan, cross-section, and partial elevation.

Hellenistic

Culture:     Hellenistic
    Title:     Ekklesiasterion (assembly hall) or Bouleuterion (council house), interior, central altar, tiered seating and corner stairway
    Date:     c. 200-150 BCE
    Location:     Priene, Turkey

Miletus, Turkey: Council House restored view
    Date:     c.160 B.C

  Title:     Pergamon, Turkey. Plan of Acropolis
    Date:     100-200 CE

    Culture:     Hellenistic
    Title:     Theater, seating, view from the Citadel with the surrounding landscape
    Work Type:     architecture
    Date:     2nd century BCE
    Location:     Pergamon, Turkey

Roman Agora, Gate of Athena Archegetis<br/>View Description: general view
    Work Type:     Gate
    Date:     creation date: 19-11 BCE
    Location:     Athens, Attica

Thorikos, Greece. Theater. Restored plan.

Epidauros, Greece. Theater. Plan of first phase.

Creator:     Polykleitos The Younger

Epidauros, Greece. Theater.

 Style Period:     Hellenistic
 Description:     On the slopes of Mt. Kynortion on the southeast edge of the site is a theater, which is famous for being preserved almost intact. It was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BC. It had 34 rows of seats built of limestone and was divided into 12 sections. It had a seating capacity of 6000 spectators. In the 2nd century BC the upper part of the auditorium was extended, adding 21 more rows of seats. The theater could then accommodate about 12000 spectators. The front row seats were built of reddish stone and head a back support. They were reserved for dignitaries. The orchestra was encircled by a narrow strip of marble and its floor was made of packed earth. It had a thymele (an altar) in the middle, of which only the circular base survived. There were two parodoi and skena building of which only the foundations remain. Originally, the skena building was in the shape of a hypostyle stoa with a row of pillars and a parapet at the rear. The proscenium had two low wings which projected forward and 14 Ionic half columns on the facade. During the theater extension, the skena was also enlarged by adding a quadrilateral area on the west side and blocking the openings between the pillars of the rear wall. In 267 AD the Visigoths destroyed the theater. Later on, it was repaired. 

Epidauros, Greece. Theater

    Title:     Greek Theater
    Date:     Built in the early 3rd century BC; upper part of the auditorium extended and skena enlarged in the 2nd century BC; destroyed in 267 AD by the Visigoths and repaired later

Priene, Turkey. Theater. Restored plan.

c. 300 BCE

Priene, Turkey: Theater: reconstruction
    Date:     c.300 B.C