social studies exam vocab

Humanism

emphasizing human reason, dignity, and potential, often rejecting supernatural beliefs in favor of scientific inquiry and human-centered values

Vernacular

language spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

Indulgence

a practice in the Catholic Church where a person could receive full or partial remission l or temporal punishment of sins

predestination

theological doctrine that God has chosen who will be saved

conquistador

Spanish and Portuguese explorers and soldiers who led military expeditions to seize land, riches and power in the Americas, Africa, and Asia

heliocentric

an astronomical theory placing the sun, rather than the Earth, at the center of the solar system

scientific method

A process for acquiring knowledge, testing ideas, and investigating natural phenomena through observation, hypothesis generation, experimentation, and analysis

bourgeoisie

The middle class in France which included merchants, industrialists, and professionals. Part of the Third Estate

coup d’etat

A sudden seizure of power by force

nationalism

A strong feeling in pride in devotion of one’s country

conservatism

A political ideology that emphasizes tradition, social stability, and institutions

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights, limit government, and free markets

socialism

an economic and political idea where the community or government owns and manages major resources

Industrial capitalism

when an industry is privately controlled

spheres of influence

regions where America exerted dominant political and economical control, most notably in the Western Hemisphere under the Monroe Doctrine