Unit 7: Emotions & Intelligence

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44 Terms

1

g theory

Proposes that a single general intelligence factor underlies specific mental abilities, indicating a common cognitive resource across various tasks.

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2

IQ formula

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is defined as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.

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3

Modern uses of IQ tests

Used to identify students needing special educational interventions by assessing cognitive abilities across different domains.

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4

Factor Analysis

A statistical method for identifying underlying relationships between variables, often used in psychology.

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5

Standardization

The process of administering and scoring a test under uniform conditions to ensure consistent results.

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6

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure (construct validity) and predicts future performance (predictive validity).

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7

Reliability

Consistency of a test's results; includes test-retest reliability and split-half reliability.

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8

Stereotype threat

A situational predicament where individuals perform poorly due to fear of reinforcing negative stereotypes.

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9

Stereotype lift

A phenomenon where individuals perform better when reminded of positive stereotypes associated with their social group.

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10

Fluid intelligence

The capacity to think logically and solve new problems, independent of acquired knowledge.

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11

Crystallized intelligence

Accumulation of knowledge and skills acquired through experience and education, typically increases with age.

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12

Flynn Effect

The observed increase in IQ scores over time across populations.

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13

Within-group variation

Differences in IQ scores within a specific group.

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14

Between-group variation

Differences in IQ scores between distinct groups.

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15

Discriminatory uses of intelligence testing

The unethical application of intelligence tests to disadvantage certain groups based on race or status.

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16

Achievement tests

Tests that measure knowledge in specific subjects.

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17

Aptitude tests

Tests that assess potential to learn new skills or knowledge.

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18

Growth mindset

Embraces challenges and effort as the path to mastery.

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19

Fixed mindset

Believes abilities are static and unchangeable.

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20

Drive-reduction theory

A theory that posits behavior is motivated by biological drives that need to be reduced.

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21

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.

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22

Arousal theory

Suggests individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

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23

Optimal arousal

The ideal level of arousal that leads to the best performance on tasks.

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24

Yerkes-Dodson Law

States there is an optimal level of arousal for performance; performance improves with arousal to a point.

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25

Self-determination theory

Emphasizes the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in behavior.

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26

Incentive Theory

Proposes that behavior is motivated by external rewards.

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27

Instincts

Innate behaviors automatically triggered in response to specific stimuli.

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28

Lewin’s motivational conflicts

Conflicts arising from competing motivations, categorized into three types: approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and avoidance-avoidance.

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29

Sensation-seeking theory

Suggests individuals have a biological predisposition to seek varied sensations and experiences.

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30

Experience seeking

Pursuit of new and varied experiences for pleasure.

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31

Thrill or adventure

Desire for excitement and risk-taking activities.

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32

Disinhibition

Tendency to act in ways typically restrained, often in lax social settings.

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33

Boredom susceptibility

Tendency to become quickly bored without stimulating activities.

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34

Eating motivation

Biological and psychological drivers behind eating, influenced by hunger signals.

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35

Ghrelin

A hormone that increases appetite, secreted by the stomach when empty.

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36

Leptin

A hormone that regulates energy balance and inhibits hunger.

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37

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Brain structures regulating hunger, thirst, and hormonal functions.

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38

Hunger

Physiological need for food.

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39

Satiety

Feeling of fullness and satisfaction after eating.

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40

External factors

Environmental cues that trigger eating behaviors regardless of hunger.

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41

Universality of emotional expression

Concept that certain emotions are expressed similarly across cultures.

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42

Display rules

Cultural norms dictating appropriate emotional expressions.

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43

Facial-feedback hypothesis

Theory proposing facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

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44

Broaden-and-build theory

Theory positing that positive emotions broaden attention and thought processes, building personal resources.

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