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What approach did Sigmund Freud create focusing on hidden thoughts and feelings?
Psychodynamism.
What is Psycodynamism?
A way of thinking about the mind that focuses on hidden thoughts and feelings, especially ones from childhood, that shape behavior.
What is behaviorism?
The idea that psychology should study only what can be seen and measured, liken actions, rather than thoughts and emotions.
What is Structuralism?
A way of studying the mind by breaking down thoughts and experiences into smaller parts.
Who used the approach to structuralism?
Wundt and Titchener
The idea that thoughts and behaviors exist because they help us survive and adapt to our environment.
Who was a big supporter to Functionalism?
William James
What is introspection?
It is studying the mind by observing one’s own thoughts and emotions.
The idea that some thoughts don’t come with a picture or mental image and challenging the belief that all thinking involves visualization.
What are some examples of Gestaltism?
When we see a face, we dont just see individual features like eyes or a nose, but rather the entire face as a unified image.
What is an example of how we use associationism?
When we hear a bell and immediately think of food, as in Pavlov's dogs experiment. Or when we link a smell to a memory or a word to its meaning.
A box used in experiments with cats to study how they learn through trial and error.
Behaviors followed by good results happen more often, while those followed by bad results happen less. This is how we learn from rewards and punishments.
Who designed the Turing test?
Alan Turing, a British mathematician and computer scientist, developed the Turing test to evaluate a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.
A way to show how different parts of the body are controlled by the brain. It’s often drawn as a weird, distorted human figure where big body parts mean more brain control.
The principle that our brain prefers simple, organized patterns when we look at things.
What are some examples of Prägnanz?
When we see a smiley face instead of just random dots.
The idea that the human brain works like a computer, processing information, storing memories, and making decisions.
What is the birth year of Psychology?
Psychology is generally considered to have been founded in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
Titchener. who was a student of Wundt
That intelligence was inherited and created the first intelligence tests and helped develop the use of statistics in psychology.
Who created the first intelligence test to help children who needed extra help in school?
What did Alfred Binet work lead to?
The development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which became a widely used IQ test.
Psychoanalysis. He introduced ideas like the id, ego, and superego to explain personality.
what is Thorndike known for?
He is known for his work in educational psychology and the law of effect, which states that responses followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. He studied learning with cats in a puzzle box.
Founding behaviorism, which focuses on observable behavior. ( what people actually do, not what they think or feel). He wanted psychology to be a science.
What discovery is Pavlov known for? and how?
Classical conditioning. By studying how dogs can learn to associate things, like a bell ringing, with food. He showed that animals (like humans) can learn through associations.
Founded the first psychology lab (University of Leipzig, 1879). and wrote the first psychology textbook. His lab became an institue where psychologists from around the world trained and then started their own labs.
Who is hull?
A psychologist who studied learning and motivation. He created ideas about how rewards drive learning, and he used math to explain behavior.
Operant conditioning. He showed how behaviors can be shaped by rewards and punishments. He invited the Skinner Box to study animal learning.
Who is Tolman?
A psychologist who studied how we learn in a way that doesn’t always require rewards. He showed that animals (and people) can create mental maps of places, even without rewards.
Who is von Neumann?
A mathematician who helped develop the idea that our brains process information like a computer.
Who is boring?
A historian of psychology who helped explain the history of psychology and how the field developed over time.
Who is Fred II of Prussia? “Frederick the Great”
Ruled Prussia in the 18th century, creating a secular state where religion wasn’t involved in government.
Focused on public enlightenment—built libraries, museums, opera houses, etc., to educate people.
He put the country over himself—built a palace for government but lived in a much simpler home.
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