Chemistry - 10 organic Reactions

Functional group

Functional group

a characteristic that unites a homologous series

Homologous series

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group

(Complete) combustion of alkenes

alkene + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

(Incomplete) combustion of alkenes

alkene + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide

Addition reaction

a reaction where two atoms are joined across a double bond

Alkenes and halogens

alkene + halogen → haloalkane

Conditions for alkene + halogen [3]

- room temperature
- room pressure
- no catalyst

Haloalkane

an alkane that contains a halogen

Alkenes and hydrogen

alkene + hydrogen → alkane

Conditions for alkene + hydrogen [3]

- 60°C
- room pressure
- nickel catalyst

Hydrogenation

addition of hydrogen

Alkenes and steam

alkene + steam → alcohol

Conditions for alkene + steam [3]

- high temperature
- high pressure
- acid catalyst

Hydration

adding water

Alcohols

homologous series containing -OH

Functional group of alcohol

-OH bond

General formula of alcohols

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

Uses of alcohols [3]:

- fuels
- solvents
- antibacterial gels

Structural formula

a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound

Carboxylic acids

homologous series containing -COOH

General formula of carboxylic acids

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH

Isomer

compounds with the same formula but different structures

-COOH

Carboxylic acid naming

[alkan]oic acid

Esters

homologous series containing -COO-

How to show esters [2]:

- remove H of -COOH in a carboxylic acid
- replace with alcohol (minus -OH)

Ester naming [2]:

- carboxylic acid goes from [alkan]oic to [alkan]oate
- alcohol goes from [alk]anol to [alk]yl

How can ethanol be make? [2]

- fermentation of glucose
- hydration of ethene

Fermentation symbol equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

Methylated spirit

mainly ethanol, but mixed with toxic methanol

Fermentation is a ...fuel

bio

Combustion of alcohols

alcohol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Advantages of hydrating ethene [1]

- pure product

Disadvantages of hydrating ethene [2]

- more energy used
- non-renewable feedstock

Advantages of fermentation [2]

- less energy used
- renewable feedstock

Disadvantages of fermentation [1]

- impure product

Alcohols and sodium

alcohol + sodium → sodium [alk]oxide + hydrogen

Reaction of alcohol and sodium [2]

- gas bubbles released (effervesces)
- forms a salt

When reacting an alcohol with sodium, hydrogen is effectively ... by sodium

displaced

Oxidation of alcohols

alcohol + oxygen → carboxylic acid + water

Conditions for oxidation of alcohols [2]:

- boiling temperature
- chemical oxidising agent

Example of chemical oxidising agent

potassium dichromate (VI)

Carboxylic acid + metal

carboxylate salt + hydrogen

Carboxylic acid + base

carboxylate salt + water

Carboxylic acid + carbonate

carboxylate salt + carbon dioxide + water

Carboxylic acid + alcohol

ester + water

Conditions for carboxylic acids and alcohol [2]

- high temperature
- (sulfuric) acid catalyst