comparative exam 2

what province in canada has the most aquaculture production?

BC

what is the estimated food requirement a farm fish needs to gain 1 pound of body mass?

1.1 pounds

fish scales are located underneath the ________

epithelium

cuticle

mucus layer of skin with antimicrobial properties

fish skin lesions cause a disruption of _______ barrier

osmotic

imbibition

water moves into damaged fish skin causing osmo-regulatory disturbances and tissue necrosis

how many cells in the gills typically separate water from blood?

1-2

what is the direction of blood flow vs water flow in gills?

salmonids have how many kidneys?

1 (fused)

kidneys in fish are always retroperitoneal/peritoneal

retroperitoneal

swim bladder lies dorsal/ventral to kidney

ventral

what organ is good for bacterial culture since it acts as a filter in fish?

kidney

fish kidney acts as mammalian _______

liver

what other organ in fish acts as a filter and secondary lymphoid organ?

spleen

do fish have lymphatics and lymph nodes?

no

what cells in the spleen are the first infected?

phagocytic cells lining PALS

fish heart is a low/high pressure system

low

fish heart has how many chambers?

3

fish heart has phagocytic endothelial cells and is commonly involved in _________

infection

choroid rete behind the fish eye traps…

bacteria, air bubbles, etc

lateral line

canal embedded in modified scales lined by sensory epithelium called neuromasts

neuromasts function:

sense pressure changes

ammonia is oxidized to ________ which is oxidized to ________

nitrite; nitrate

oxidation of ammonia is performed by…

gram - bacteria in biofilter

required water tests for freshwater fish:

ammonia or nitrite

required water tests for saltwater fish:

• ammonia

• nitrite

• pH

• salinity

nitrate accumulation requires…

water changes or uptake by plants

suboptimal nitrogen cycle management leads to hemoglobin being oxidized to ____________

methemoglobin

signs of fish hypoxia:

• piping (moving at water/air interface)

• arrowhead profile

accumulated nitrates lead to a ______ water color

yellow

how is salinity expressed?

ppt or SG

SG can be reduced for marine fish but invertebrates…

cannot tolerate it

aquarium salt is used in freshwater to reduce the loss of…

ions in fish with substantial epithelial damage

what products can remove chlorine from water?

sodium thiosulfite or similar products

chlorine causes ________ necrosis in fish

branchial

what bacterial diseases are important in aquarium fish?

• aeromonas hydrophila

• mycobacteria

• flavobacterium columnare

what protozoal diseases are important in aquarium fish?

icthyophthirius multifiliis/cryptocaryon irritans

what meatzoan diseases are important in aquarium fish?

monogenes

aeromonas hydrophila causes what disease?

hemorrhagic septicemia in freshwater fish associated with rising water temps

aeromonas hydrophila signs:

• ulcerative lesions

• reddening at base of fins and scale pockets

• dark

• ascites

• lethargy

• increased respiration

aeromonas hydrophila pathology:

• internal petechial hemorrhage

• swelling of kidney and spleen

aeromonas hydrophila treatment:

• oxytetracycline

• florfenicol

is aeromonas hydrophila zoonotic?

yes

mycobacteriosis signs:

• chronic ulcerative lesions or proliferative lesions that do not heal

• granulomatous lesions

you should assume all tanks are infected with ______________

mycobacteriosis

is mycobacteriosis zoonotic?

yes (fish finger)

flavobacterium columnare causes what disease?

columnaris disease

columnaris disease occurs at what temperature?

above 15 degrees C

columnaris disease signs:

cotton wool or ulcerative/necrotic lesions

columnaris disease treatment:

• antibiotics

• ± bath treatment

columnaris disease diagnosis:

• wet mount of skin or gills

icthyophthirius multifiliis/cryptocaryon irritans cause what disease?

Ich/white spot

cryptocaryon irritans is the ______ equivalent of icthyophthirius multifiliis

marine

Ich/white spot signs:

• white spots in gills or epithelium that break osmotic integrity of tissue

• flicking off sides of tanks, ponds, or jumping out of water

Ich/white spot treatment:

• topical treatments for immature stages

• multiple rounds of bath treatment

• increase water temp to 30 degrees C for 3 days to kill free swimming stage

which ich stage is susceptible to treatment?

tomite encysted in tank

crytocaryon treatment:

freshwater dips for marine fish so long as protozoan is external

monogenes

trematode that can cause severe skin lesions and death

haptor

tail end of monogenes that attaches to epithelium while mouth part grazes

black spot

melanin pigment caused by digenean trematode larvae that is harmless

what is the most common virus of aquarium fish?

iridovirus

iridovirus signs?

white proliferative self limiting growths on fins

cataracts can be caused by ____ and __________ deficiency

zinc; riboflavin

bloat/dropsy signs:

• abdominal swelling

• raised scales (pineconing)

• lethargy

• increased resp

• buoyancy struggles due to fluid accumulation

polycystic kidney disease (PKD) pathogenesis

genetic disorder in goldfish leading→abdominal swelling due to cysts in kidneys→fluid retention, poor growth, weight loss, renal failure, ascites

nitrite toxicity signs:

brown blood and gills

baths used in aquaria species:

• dylox

• hydrogen peroxide

• copper sulfate in marine tanks (toxic to invertebrates)

• formaldehyde/formalin

• potassium permanganate

• fresh water/salt water

• malachite green

what is the most available broad spectrum topical treatment?

formaldehyde/formalin and malachite green

formaldehyde/formalin and malachite green can drop the dissolved oxygen in cold/hot water

hot

systemic therapeutics designed for use in water are not very effective for fish because…

• freshwater fish don’t drink water

• saltwater fish don’t drink enough for drug delivery

• fish don’t take up enough water across gills to be effective in most cases

food fish antibiotic treatment options:

• florfenicol

• oxytetracycline

• sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim

tetrapoda

four limbed vertebrae

glires

includes:

• scadentia (shrews)

• rodentia

• lagmorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas)

myomorphs

• rats

• mice

• hamsters

• gerbils

hystricomorphs

• guinea pigs

• chinchillas

• degus

sciuromorphs

squirrels and prairie dogs

oryctolagus cuniculus

european rabbit (only domesticated rabbit species) with 305 breeds

cavia porcellus

guinea pigs

2 species of chinchilla are…

• short tailed

• long tailed

octodon degus

common degu rodent

rattus norvegicus domestica

fancy rat species descended from brown rat

mus musculus domestica

fancy mouse species descended from house mouse

meriones unguiculatus

gerbil

what are common pet hamster species?

• golden or syrian hamster

• dwarf hamster

• chinese hamster

mustelo furo

ferret

petaurus breviceps

sugar gliders

erinaceidae family includes…

hedgehogs

sugar glider normal temp:

32 degrees C

rabbit habitat

terrestial and fossorial

rabbit skin features:

• delicate, fine hair

• tactile vibrissae

• dewlap in females

• no footpads (predisposed to pododermatitis)

• scent glands

rabbit epaxial muscles can lead to fractures at what vertebrae?

L7

how often do rabbits blink?

10-12 times an hour

harderian gland

gland for eye that produces milky secretion in rabbits

tragus

separates ear canal in rabbits

lingual prominence

white part at base of rabbit tongue

rabbit teeth number

28 teeth

rabbit teeth features:

• aradicular (no roots)

• hypsodont

• lophodont (transverse enamel ridges)

• elodont (always growing)

rabbits are ________ fermenters

hindgut

rabbits have high intestinal __________ absorption

calcium

fusus coli

intestinal pacemaker in rabbits that controls peristalsis