unit 2 biomed

primary care physician

a regular doctor who provides checkups, screenings, treatments, and prescriptions

medical history

a record of past health problems and illnesses

chief complaint

the main reason for the patient's visit

physical signs

pieces of evidence that indicate an illness that can be observed externally

vital signs

temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure

symptoms

the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong

body temperature

measurement of the degree of heat of the deep tissues of the human body

pulse

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

respiratory rate

number of breaths per minute

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

systolic pressure

blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles (top)

diastolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest (bottom)

oxygen saturation

percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

anemia

lack of a normal number of red blood cells

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure

hypotension

abnormally low blood pressure

hematocrit test

measures the percentage by volume of packed red blood cells in a whole blood sample

cholesterol

a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

ldl

low density lipoprotein, saturated fat (bad cholesterol)

hdl

high density lipoprotein, unsaturated fat (healthy type of cholesterol)

atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature

unsaturated fats

fats that remain liquid at room temperature

telehealth

the use of technology to deliver health care, health information, or health education at a distance

lipids

energy-rich organic compounds, like fats and oils, made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods, broken down to glucose

proteins

nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

nucleic acids

dna/rna or nucleotides containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

hypoglycemia

abnormally low level of sugar in the blood

type 1 diabetes

disorder in which the body cannot produce enough insulin

type 2 diabetes

progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin

insulin resistance

the inability of the cells to respond to insulin

pancreas

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

tolerance test

done to measure how well the body can process larger amounts of sugar

positive feedback

regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change

negative feedback

regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will reduce the change

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

hipaa (health insurance portability and accountability act)

protects sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge

benign

mild, not cancerous

malignant

cancerous, harmful

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

telophase

the final phase of cell division where the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

protein

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

rna

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

translation

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

amino acid

monomer of protein

codon

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

anti codon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

frameshift mutation

involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

substitution

a mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide

deletion

removes a chromosomal segment

insertion

a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

allele

different forms of a gene

karyotype

a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

dominant

an allele that is always expressed

recessive

trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait

homozygous

having two identical alleles for a trait

heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait

pedigree

a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family

autosomes

non-sex chromosomes

sex chromosomes

chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

meiosis

process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

nondisjunction

the failure of a pair to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes

sister chromatids

joined copies of the original chromosome

centromere

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

trisomy

extra copy of a chromosome

familial hypercholesterolemia FH

Inability to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream; predisposes individual to heart attack

nf-1

encodes neurofibromin which is a tumor suppressor

bmi (body mass index)

a measure of body weight relative to height