Orthopedics - Skeletal System

Chapter 7

orthopedics

medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal and muscular systems

ortho-

straight

ped/o-

child

-ics

knowledge, practice

structures of the skeletal system

connective tissues of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

functions of the skeletal system

to provide structurally support for the body and protection for the body's soft tissues and internal organs

function of bones in addition to structurally support and protection

storage site for calcium and phosphorous

2 sections of the skeleton

axial and appendicular skeleton

axial skeleton

central structure around which other parts move

structures within the axial skeleton

head, neck, chest, and spinal bones

appendicular skeleton

the limbs

structures of the appendicular skeleton

shoulder, arm, hip, and leg bones

3 sections of a bone

proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis

cortical bone

also known as compact bone, dense bone surrounding medullary cavity

how does cortical bone assist the body functionally?

assists in weight bearing

what does the medullary cavity contain?

yellow bone marrow

cancellous bone

also known as spongy bone, bone composing epiphyses

what does cancellous bone contain?

red bone marrow

function of red bone marrow

to produce red blood cells

types of bone tumor

osteoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma

osteoma

benign growth of bone

osteosarcoma

malignant growth of osteoblasts in the bone

Ewing sarcoma

malignant growth in young men

two combining forms for bone

oste/o- and osse/o-

sarc/o-

connective tissue

chondroma

benign tumor of cartilage

chondr/o-

cartilage

-oma

tumor

chondromalacia patellae

abnormal softening of the patella due to thinning and uneven wear

what causes chondromalacia patellae?

pulling of the thigh bone on the patella

malac/o-

softening

-ia

condition

fracture (FX, Fx)

broken bone caused by an accident, injury, or disease

stress fractures

bone damage or breaks caused by force or torsion during a sport or activity

pathologic fractures

bone damage or breaks caused by a disease

what disease could cause a pathologic fracture?

osteoporosis

por/o-

pores, small openings

-osis

abnormal condition

what can happen if a bone heals without treatment, no matter the cause of fracture?

bone may show malunion or malalignment

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency or lack of sun exposure

effect of osteomalacia

rickets

osteomyelitis

infection of the bone and marrow when bacteria enters the bone following injury or surgery

osteoporosis

abnormal thinning of the bone structure

why does osteoporosis result in bone thinning?

bone breakdown exceeds bone formation

when bone breakdown exceeds bone formation, what minerals are lost?

calcium and phosphorus

what structural effect does osteoporosis increase the risk of?

fracture

rib cage

bones of the chest

sternum

center of anterior rib cage

what are the 3 parts of the sternum?

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

number of pairs of ribs

12

true ribs

pairs 1-7

false ribs

pairs 8-10

floating ribs

pairs 11-12

spine

vertical column of vertebrae with 5 regions

5 regions of the spine

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7 in the neck

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12 in the thorax

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5 in lower back

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

coccyx

4 fused vertebrae that form the tailbone

pectus excavatum

congenital deformity in which the sternum is bent inward creating a depression in the chest

kyphosis

abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine, also called humpback

kyph/o-

bent, humpbacked

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine, also called swayback

lord/o-

swayback

scoliosis

abnormal C- or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine

dextroscoliosis

right side scoliosis

levoscoliosis

left side scoliosis

ankylosing spondylitis

chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis, fusion, and spinal motion restriction

spondylolisthesis

degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebra moves anteriorly and slips out of alignment

what can cause spondylolisthesis?

intervertebral disk degeneration, sports injury, or compression fracture of vertebrae

spondyl/o-

spinal vertebra

-listhesis

abnormal condition of slipping

lower extremity

the leg

femur

thigh bone of upper leg

tibia

shin bone of lower leg

fibula

very thin lateral bone of lower leg

patella

anterior to knee joint

tarsal bones (7 on each feet)

ankle

metatarsal bones (5 on each feet)

midfoot

phalangeal bones (3 on each toe - proximal, middle, and distal)

toes

exception to each toe having 3 phalangeal bones

big toe only has 2 phalangeal bones

genu valgum

also known as knock-knee, congenital deformity in which the knees rotate toward the midline and the legs bend away from the midline

genu

knee

valgum

knock-kneed

genu varum

also known as bowleg, congenital deformity in which the knees are abnormally far apart and the legs bend toward the midline

varum

straddling, bowed outward

hallux valgus

also known as bunion, deformity in which the great toe angles toward the other toes and there is swelling at the base

hallux

big toe

talipes equinovarus

also known as clubfoot, congenital deformity in which the foot is pulled downward and toward the midline

tali-

talus (ankle)

pes-

foot

equino

heel is elevated like horse's

varus

turned inward

joints (articulations)

sites where two or more bones meet

suture joints

immovable joints between cranial and facial bones

coronal suture

the suture that divides the skull into anterior and posterior sections

sagittal suture

the suture that divide the skull into two halves

symphysis joints

slightly moveable joints at the symphysis pubis and vertebrae

synovial joints

fully moveable joints