Lecture 26 - World War One

Submarine Warfare

• First attack to America by Germany

• Ex. of rising tension in WWI leading America to join.

Lusitania 1915

• British passenger boat containing American passengers - sunk by germans

• Changed public opinion in America towards supporting the war (began movement of wanting to join WWI) - Germany would apologize - Ex. of rising tensions leading America to join WWI

Sussex ultimatum 1916

• Result of American boat being attacked - Wilson threatens Germany that America will take action if Germany continues attacking passenger boats

• Germany would apologize and put policy to stop attacking boats (did not last) - Ex. of rising tension leading to America joining WWI

“He Kept Us Out of War”

• Campaign used by former Amer. pres. Wilson to get reelected

• Would succeed Wilson got reelected and helped U.S. mobilize for war

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• Germany decides to sink army boat regardless of America’s warnings

• Would sink Amer merchant ship - angered America but still witheld from joining war - Ex. of rising tension leading to America joining WWI - major factor that contributed to America declaring war

Zimmerman Note 1917

• Germany tries to get Mexico to fight U.S - In return Mex gets land they lost to U.S.

• Along with unrestricted submarine warfare U.S. officially declares war

Declaration of War 1917

• Amer Pres Wilson declares against Germany

• WWI would be serious compared to other wars - caused Gov to limit personal freedoms and constitutional rights

Committee of Public Information

• (Creel Community) leader: George Creel - American committee made to inform public about WWI - used propoganda to make Americans approave of WWI and support it

• Got 75000 to form “4-min” men (Made propoganda speeches) - Ex. of America mobilizing for war

Four Minute Men

• American trained by Creel Community to give inspiring speeches about WWI - Propoganda army

• Helped to make people buy war bonds and factories to make weapons - Ex. of Amer mobilizing for WWI

Espionage Act 1917 and Sedition Act 1918

• American law restricting freedom of Speech - Made to stop Amer from speaking bad about WWI - people would be sent to jail for speaking out

• Ex. of US restricting Civil liberties - Eugen V. Debbs would be arrested for speaking out - act led to Schneck v. US 1919

Schneck v US

• American Supreme Court Case regarding restriction of freedom of speech - (Does Gov have right to restrict speech during war?)

• Supreme court ruled in favor of US - Gov could limit freedom of speech during times of crisis - Ex. of US restricting civil liberties for WWI

War Industries board WIB

• American organization created during WWI to control production of weapons of war

• Ex of Amer mobilizing the factories for WWI

Encouraging Workers

• Creel Community using propoganda to make peopel work in the factories

• Ex. of America mobilizing factories and labor for WWI

Women’s Role in WWI

• Replaced men in bussinesses and farms

• Ex. of war changing typical gender roles

National Labor Board

• American organization that recruited workers with help of Creel Community paid good wages and prevented strikes

• Caused Great Migration - Ex. of Amer mobilizing factories and labor for WWI

The Great Migration

• 1,000s of A. Americans moving to Northeast U.s (Philidelphia, Chicago, Detroit) to escape sharecropping

• Would face racism - caused riots (Chicago Race riots, Red Summer) changed demographic of people

Race Riots “Red Summer” 1914

• Racial conflict in Northeast America

• Ex of racial conflcits that took place as a result of the Great Migration

Chicago “Race” Riot

• Racial conflict incited by a young African American child crossing segregation boundrary in a river - Lasted day ppl dies

• Ex of racial conflict caused by Great Migration

Food Administration

• American organization with help of Creel Community that encouraged farmers to grow more and for American people to ration food (Both voluntary) and encouraged people to grow victory gardens

• Ex. of American Gov encouraging ppl to support WWI

Bond Drives “Libery Loans”

• With the help of Creel Community US Gov sells lots of War bond

• Ex. of ppl supporting WWI

Selective Service Act 1917

• US military draft - Required every boy when turned 18 to enlist in draft - enlisted 4 million troops (thru lottery)

• Troops were called “Doughboys,” Ex. of America mobilizing troops for WWI

400,000 Blacks Segregated

• A. Americans segregated and palced into seperate regiments

• Ex. of racial discrimination against African Americans during WWI

Armistice 1918

• Agreement to stop fighting - Surrender by Germany in WWI - signed 11/11/11 at 11 hour for good luck

• Official end of WWI - Led to Treaty of Versailles and it’s fallout - WWII

Paris Peace Conference

• Conference between “Big Four” (America, France, Britain, Italy) to make lasting treaty that will bring stability and peace to Europe

• Wilson would come with 14 points - most of it rejected expect League of Nations - Germany punished badly by Treaty of Versailles - left in poverty - WWII

14 Points

• Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI - proposed League of nations - and less punishment for Germany

• “League of Nations” idea adopted but Germany still punished serverly thru Article 231

League of Nations

• result of 14 points - Organization that had representatives fromm diff nations to keep peace and prevent war

• Would not last and failed in it’s goal - tried to appease hitler - led to WWII

Treaty of Versailles

• Treaty to end WWI contained League of Nations - Article 231 - Germany and Austria’s colonies fell to League of Nations

• Treaty would fail - Caused WWII because of Article 231 “War Guilt Cause” - Germany had to reparations - left them poor and economy wrecked

Article 231 “War Guilt” Clause

• Part of Versailles Treaty - Germany would have to pay reparations

• Germany would suffer depression - caused them to blaim the allies and democratic system - Trusted Hitler because they were in crisis - WWII

Henry Cabot Lodge

• American Republican Senator who led a group of other republicans “Irreconcilables” who were against the Treaty of Versailles - because they believed the League of Nations would pull America into European Wars

• America would not sign Versaille Treat and did not join LoN - Led to Lodge Reservations

Lodge Reservations

• By Henry C. Lodge - way of protesting Treat of Versailles by presenting formal changes they wanted to the Treaty if they were to sign it

• Caused Wilson to go on a campaign to get America’s approval - Wilson died of stroke while on campaing - US did not sign Treaty

Election of 1920

• Change in Political ideology - Warren G> Harding won by promosing “Return to Normalcy” (Isolationism and end of progressive policies) (Laissez Faire back

• LLed to more corrupting in US Gov.