HIS FINAL WORLD BETWEEN WARS

1919-1939

Totalitarianism

Politcal concept: citizen as subject to absolute statue

Politcal system: Subordination of individual to state.

Russian Civil war

Desperation wartime devastation, Corrupt government. Government mismanagement. Bolshevik Gov. Centralization of power. Concentration of power in hands of few. Lenin Dealt ruthlessly with politcal opponents. Leon Trotsky was Lennins right hand man. Tried to control after lenins death but lost to stalin. Lennin Nationalization of industry, land and banks.

Reds vs white Army

Red army: Bolsheviks under trotsky who appealed to russian people in name of revolution and nation. Mobilization against internal and external. VICTORY

White army: Tsarists, liberals, everyone against red army, against bolsheviks

U.S.S.R

(Union of soviet socialist Republic) Attempt to unite various nationalitites and territories that had consittued old imperial russia. THEORY: Autonomous rights for each republic. REALITY: Centralized gov with few leaders. Communist party as only legal party. Central committe.

Bolshevism 1917-1924

According to Karl Marx communism would occur everywhere industrial was. Ideal of the dictatorship of elite. wielding supremacy over middle class and bulk of working class.

Joseph Stalin

Son of a russian peasent shoemaker in Georgia. Educated at theological seminary until 17. Lacked religious vocation and thus was espelled. Became revolutionary. Secretary-general of comunist party in 1917. Built politcal machin. Nationalist strategy→For temporary abondonment of world revolution. For concentrating on building socialsm in russia. For improving economics.

OUTCOME: Victory for stalin. Explusion of Trotsky from comunist party forced exile of trotsky 1929 Murder of trotsky by stalins agents in mexico.

Soviet revolution “stalinism” First reform

five year plan 1928: eloborate system of national priorties. Drastic steps to industrialize. Economic parity among nations of the world.

Decrease quantities of industrial and agricultural commodities. Workers wages. Prices.

Extensive state bureaucracy to organize, supervise five year plan at all levels.

Soviet revolution “stalinism” second reform “agricultural collectivization.”

Communal proprietorship of peasants. Mechanization to increase national yield. Kulaks (prosperous farmers) Opposed collectivization. ‘LIQUIDATED IN “TERROR” of 1930s. Replaced by rural proletariat.

Significance: 20 million people moved off land. mechanized production. need of fewer laborers. Ex farmers as urban factory workers. No increase in agricultural production. Allocation of agricultural products for export to pay for importation of industrial machinery. Collectivization accomplished fact (1930)

Third reform suppression of internationalism

New policy Militarism. Doubled size of army reorganized army according to western model. Patriotism, Soviet virtue, Power polities (1930s) policy of cooperation with western European powers.

Italy Facism

nation and race above individual. Centralized autocratic government headed by diclalorial leader. severe economic and social regimentation. Forcible suppression of opposition.

Doctrines of Facism: Totalitarism: subornation of individual to state. Racism, subordination of individual to race. Nationalism, nation as highest form of society internatism as per version of human progress.

Militarism, strife as orgin of all things. Corpratism, french syndicaist.

Caused: Frustarted nationilsm, humilation,shame,demoralizing effects of war, costed lives money inflationed unemploymemnt.

Benito Mussolini (I1 Duce) 1883-1945

Blacksmith father, school teacher mother, studied in switzerland, wrote socialist articcles, expelled for fomenting strikes in factories, leading socialist daily in italy. Idelogy was socialism and copratism from neutral to enteene powers.

Wounded in WW1 came home to see italy angry unemployed millions of veterans pulled them together against government.

March on rome 28 octover 1992 occupation of capital by army 50,000. Gov marks him prime minister of italy. Once in office took it over. Abolished universal manhood sufferage. Established facismo.

created italian empire in medirerran and expanded into africa

Weimar Republic

Leaders of. oalition of coialsts, catholic centrists and liberal democrats. Progressive and liberal political philosphy universal sufferage for men and women cabinet system of governemnt. Bill of rights civil liberities.

Deafeat in ww1 caused humiliation socialst and jews as scape goats. Republican gov as scapegoat. Percieved need for authority.

Adolf Hitler (Der Furer)

Failed artist and Viennas art academy. violent politcal prejudices. Associated Judiasm with Marxism. Fought in ww1 and decorated for heroism. Joined up with disaffected germans in denouncing weimer republic. Led brown shirts(Nazi private army) Failed attempt to stage “putsch”(sudden overthrow of gov) in munich 1923. Sentanced to prision landsberg.

Mein Kampf 1925

hated jews hated comunist hated french. Sense of germany betrayl by ww1 enemies. Belief that only strong leader would make germany take its place in europe. Appealed to ever growing number of people.

Nazi Revolution

1928 won 12 seats popular vote of 800,000

1930 won 107seats pupular vote 6,500,000

Inability of any chancler to win makority in reichstag. Refusal of nazi support any cabinet not headed by hitler. Refused communist to collaborte with socialst. Hidenburg invited hitler in as chanclerr nazi in cabinet. Upsurge of nazis when hitler got in. Hidden burger die Hitler gets power. Nazi party only legal party. Totalitarian control. Unemployment fixed.

Joseph Goebbles

Journalist. Nazi party. Control of party propaganda. Dissemninade party line throughout germany and abroad. Minister of propaganda 1933. Cultural and education under nazi control. Sympathetic movements abroad to carry on “war of nerves” against hitlers intended victims.

Emperor Hirohito

Succed his father to throne 1928. Dealt ineffectivley with power grabbing imperial army and navy both which held veto power over all cabinent apooinment coup d'etat feb 1936. later defeffered to military cliquw that held all politcal power in japan.

Chinese civil war 1928-1949

1926 Nationalists (kuomintang) Communist joint forces to overthrow warlords in northern provinces.

1928(civil war) nationalist army, chiang kai-shek(1887-1975) communist army, mao zedong. (1893-1976) battle across china.

Position of imeperial japan chinese civil war as opportunity for exploitation.

Mao zedong(Tse-tung) 1893-1976

library assitant at bejing university. Head teacher in changsha, cheif of chinese comunist party (CCP) propaganda under nationalist leader sun yat-sen. Dismessed by suns succesor chang kai-shek.

Set up communist republic in Jiazing.

Marshaled red army in long march to shaanxi to evade nationalist suppresiv attacks. Built up people republic in Yanan.

Headed CCP from 1935.

Alliance with nationalist forces

Repel japanse invaders.

Deafeted nationalist at nadjing.

established peoples republic of china and CCP rule under his leadership

Existentialism

Existence precede essence.John paul sartre

John Maynard Keynes

British economist. Government make capitalism work by playing part in its managment. Appilication of theories new deal in united states.

Treaty making in paris.

HARSH terms on germans to keep hated and uncerataines that breed war.

Capitalism has flaws that needed to be fixed.

Face lifting NO BALANCE BUDGET

Surrelism

Exploration of interior of mind. Looks like hulicaination. Irrational images.

Leni(betra Helene amaile) Riefenstahl 1902-2003

German dancer, filmed nazi rallies at numberg in 1934. Filmed berline olympics games in 1936. Produced and directed nazi propaganda film TRIUMP OF THE WILL 1935. Illustrated hitlers charisma. Impriosned by french after war. Black listed and turned to photography.

Mukden Incident

Japs Pretended to be china and blew up Jap railway in south machurian. Claimed the explosion was chinas work. used incident as excuse for occupying mukden and much of northern manchuria. Created manchurik .

Rape of Nanking (December 1917)

Imperiall japanse army over ran nanking raped pillaged and burned way through city. 300,00 men women kids murdereed. by end of 1937 jap controlled large portion of eastern china,wanted more.

Spanish civil war

Considered “dress rehearsal for world war 2”

micro war.

Rebel facist vs Republican(comunist)

Nazis sent troops and war planes to assist facist rebel franciso franco bid to topple elected gov of spain

Communist russia countered with aid to communist troops serving under banner of spanish republic

Munich conference

Britian and france did not war and told czech gov they would not help if hitler invaded, told czech to meet hitlers demand.

Non agression pact

Hitler and stalin deal to divide up poland.

Blitzkreg

German military tactic that translates to "lightning war". It involves a coordinated attack by tanks, infantry, artillery, and aircraft to quickly overwhelm an enemy's defenses.

Dunkirk

900 boats to resuce 338,000 troops

Fall of paris mid june1940. France surrendered

Nazi control of western europe

De gaulle fled france to britian.

Einstein fled germany to usa ecourage roosevelt to build atomic bomb.

Mussolini botched attempted to invade greece

Battle of Britain

air raids to reduce britains military strenth and civiilian will.

FDR went on radio to help britain to preserve the 4ps

Battle of Barbarossa

Russia as Germanys bread basket. Hitler wanted living space in east europe. He also hated jews and communist.

Capture major cities and destroy soviet army. Capture vital oil fields. 3 million nazi soldiers. Got deep into soviet union but winter struck and stopped nazis in their tracks

Battle of the atlantic

Us won had adanaced technology. US supplies to britian were succesful despite nazi attempts.

japan attacked pearl harbor, tried to take out US fleet in pacifc. Japan pretty succeful. FDR declares war

Stalengrad

turning point in europe was stalengrad. soviet citory cut off nazi from food producing ukrain and oil.

opperation Gomorrah

around the clock bombing 24 hours a day for 8 days and 4 nights in hamburg. “firestorm" dry and warm weather made tornado of fire. Streets burst into fire.

D-day

coast of normady france.established BEACH HEAD.

Battle of the bulge.

allies offense through germany pushed them back but the allies pushed them back. GERMANYS LAST GASP. Alllies supperior air power. 77,000 US casualties. NAZI EXHAUSTED.

Battle of Midway TURNING POINT OF THE WAR(Us in position of stength)

US airpower sunk 4 imperal japanse aircraft carriers. Destroyed 400 imperial jap war plamnes Loss of air cover jap ships with draw.

Atomic bomb

the ulitmate weapon.

Eistien writes letter to truman to build the atomic bomb before germany. (manhatten project) set up in los alamos new mexico. Cost 2 billion to build. harry truman decsion to drop bomb.

Drop bomb to keep russia out of japan, save us lives, save democratic party. Hiroshima 2nd bomb was nagoski. After japan surrender.

Yalta conference

poland was to surrender part to soviets, but gain compansation from germany. FDR CHURCHILL STALIN

Postdamn conference

churchill/clement atlee, truman, stalin. Terms try nazi leaders as war criminals, exact reparations fro germany, destroy german military. Divide to carve germany into 4 parts by soviets britian france and us. Problem was berlin was carved into 4 zones and was part in soviet zone.

United nations

Replace league of nations try to disolve gloable disputes. International body.