Parts of the nervous system (1/19-1/26)

glia

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

synapses

tiny gaps between dentrites and axons of different neurons

neurons

behavior arises from coordination of ______________ (cells). even if they are few in number

neurons, complex, functions

More ________ --> more ___________ circuits --> more complex ________

bipolar neuron

a neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma

unipolar neuron

a neuron with one process extending from its cell body

multipolar neuron

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.

dendrite

input zone on neuron, can recieve info from multiple sources

dendritic spines

increase surface area, increases ability to receive signals

cell body (soma)

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

organelles contained in the cell body

axon hillock (axon initial segment) (integration zone)

Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body.

axon hillock

-integrates incoming signals from the cell body

anterograde transport

- movement down the axon away from soma
- via action potentials or motor proteins holding vesicles

retrograde transport

movement up the axon toward the soma
- uses motor proteins
- never action potential

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored
- output zone

axon

conduction zone
- where info can be transmitted over great distances

synaptic vesicles and mitochondria

presynaptic terminal contains ....

mitochondria

postsynaptic terminal contains ..

glial cells

cells which support and enhance neural activity

Astrocytes

-glial cell
- Wraps around pre and post synaptic cells
- star shaped cells that help form the BBB by sitting between capillaries and neurons
- support the metabolic and biochemical needs of neurons
- directly regulate synaptic signaling (tripartite synapse)
- react to brain injury

presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic terminal, astrocyte

label:
- left blue
- right blue
- bottom green

Oligodendrocytes

- glial cell

- forms myelin sheath IN CNS

- have node of ranvier

- can attach to a small portion on multiple axons

Schwann cells

- glial cell

- myelinates cells in PNS

- not found in the brain

- have node of ranvier

- can only attach to one axon portion

Microglia

- immune cells
- produce inflammatory response
- Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system

carotid arteries

major arteries to the brain

circle of willis

A structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries.

anterior cerebral artery

purple cerebral artery

middle cerebral artery

red cerebral artery

posterior cerebral artery

blue cerebral artery

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

result of higher resistance in brain capillaries that restrict passage of large molecules

endothelial cells

tightly bound cells forming the blood brain barrier

hemorrhage stroke

Occurs when a rupture in an artery allows blood to leak into the brain

ischemic stroke

clots or other debris prevent blood from reaching a region of the brain, causing it to die

skull
dura mater
archinoid mater
pia matter
brain

layers of the meninges (skull --> brain)

meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

subarchnoid space

below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains CSF

ependymal cells

E
- lines the meninges
- form lining of ventricles
- secretes cerebrospinal fluid

ventricles

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

third ventricle

the ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon (middle line)

lateral ventricles

A set of paired ventricles lying within the cerebral hemispheres. (top line)

fourth ventricle

small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum (bottom line)

choroid plexus

a membrane lining the ventricles produces cerebrospinal fluid

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

horizontal plane

a plane that shows brain structures as seen from above

sagittal plane

divides brain into left and right

anterior / rostral

front of brain

posterior or caudal

back of brain

ventral (brain)

towards the bottom of the brain

dorsal (brain)

top of brain

lateral (brain)

side of the brain

medial (brain)

toward the midline of the brain

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Distal

away from the point of attachment

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

PNS

all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column

CNS

brain and spinal cord

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

divisions of the PNS

somatic and autonomic

autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations (fight or flight)

Norepinephrine

neurotransmitter which heavily influences sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

ACh (acetylcholine)

neurotransmitter which heavily influences the parasympathetic nervous system

enteric nervous system

a division of the autonomic nervous system consisting of nerve cells embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system (not as important for us)

somatic nervous system

- Division of PNS

- controls voluntary movements

- consists of nerves from CNS to skeletal muscles

- Sensory input and motor output

rostral

toward the forehead or nose

caudal

toward the tail

CNS

responsible for:

- senses

- initiating movement

- attention, cognition, thought, affect, mood

- other life essential functions (breathing, hunger)

automatic, complex

As you move from tail (caudal) to nose (rostal) of the CNS, functions carried out generally become less ____________ and more ____________

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Sylvian fissure

Separates the temporal from the frontal lobe, and the temporal from the parietal lobe

cervical

region in the spinal cord which controls sensation and movement in the neck

thoracic

region in the spinal cord which controls sensation and movement in the trunk

lumbar

region in the spinal cord which controls sensation and movement in the lower back

sacral

region in the spinal cord which controls sensation and movement in the pelvis

coccygea

region in the spinal cord which controls sensation and movement in the bottom

Doral root ganglion

- sensory input in spinal reflex

ventral root ganglion (spinal cord)

- motor output neurons in spinal reflex

relay neuron

the nerve cell that connects sensory and motor neurons

sulcus (sulci)

a groove in the cerebral cortex

gyrus (gyri)

rounded elevation on the cerebral cortex

surface area, size

going up the evolutionary ladder, ___________ and _____________ of the brain increases

cell bodies, dendrites, myelin

grey matter consists of __________ and __________, which lack ___________

axons, myelin

white matter consists of _____________ wrapped in ________________

axon tracts

- group of axons traveling together
- in white matter
- cortical and subcortical regions communicate with each other using these

corpus collosum

axon tract that joins the two hemispheres

sensory, motor, associative

Cortical regions are divided into ____________, ___________, and ______________ processing areas

sensory cortex

involved in processing sensory input. receive strong input from sensory organs
- primary sensory cortex
- visual cortex
- auditory cortex

motor cortex

involved in driving movements or generating motor responses. makes strong connection to the spinal cord
- primary motor cortex

associative cortex

involved in cognitive operations that are intermediate between sensing stimuli and acting upon them
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- prefrontal cortex

olfactory bulb

the brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes

optic chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain