Unit 3 Vocabulary

Food Science

Food Science

The study of the physical, biological, and chemical makeup of food and the concepts underlying food production.

Gluten

a protein found in wheat, rye, oats, and barley

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent

Asexual Reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Alcoholic Fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. Used to create bread!

Lactic Acid Fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

FADH₂

Electron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle

NADH

An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP.

Krebs Cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Pyruvic Acid

The three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Cellular Respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Light-Independent Reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle

Light-Dependent Reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

NADPH

An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

An organism that can make its own food.

Chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons that release energy used to make ATP.

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.