PLTW CEA EOC Review - Semester Exam

The maximum compressive stress a material can withstand without failure.

Compression Strength

A solid, hard material produced by combining Portland cement, aggregates, sand, water and sometimes additional mixtures.

Concrete

The difference between the indoor temperature in winter and the outdoor design temperature in winter. The design temperature differential or design range is used in calculating the space heating requirements of a dwelling unit under the engineering-based methodology.

Design Temperature Differential

The finish board covering the edges of rafters and eaves.

Fascia

The lowest, widest part of the foundation that distributes the load over a broad area of the soil.

Footing

The lower part of a building, which transfers structural loads from the building to the soil.

Foundation

The energy needed to warm outside air leaking into a building through cracks around doors, windows, and other areas.

Heat Loss

Energy radiated or transmitted as rays or waves, in the form of particles.

Radiant Heat

Member of a roof structural frame that supports the sheathing and other roof loads.

Rafter

Steel bar used to reinforce concrete.

Rebar

The numerical value used to indicate the resistance to the flow of heat.

R-Value

The plate placed at the bottom of a wall.

Sole Plate

In roofing, 100 square feet of roofing material.

Square (Quantity of Shingles)

The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing.

Tensile Strength

The process of heat transfer through a solid by transmitting kinetic energy from one molecule to the next.

Thermal Conduction

Heat transmission by the circulation of a liquid or a heated gas or air.

Thermal Convection

Heat loss/gain resulting from the conduction of heat through the building envelope.

Transmission Load

A measure of the heat transmission through a building part (as a wall or window) or a given thickness of a material (as insulation) with lower numbers indicating better insulating properties.

U-Factor

the quality of an objects that deals with art, beauty, and taste

Aesthetics

a curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression

Arch

an individual trained in the art and science of designing and constructing buildings

Architect

the pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or elements in a design or composition

Balance

solid walls that provide support for each other and for the roof of a structure

Bearing Walls

an engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities

Civil Engineering

aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation

Color

a visual principle associated with change made in size, shape, color, or tone of graphic elements

Contrast

Rules that describe how designers might put together various design elements to create an aesthetic finished product

Design Principles

an arrangement of several arches whose bases form a circle and whose tops meet in the center

Dome

a basic visual component or building block of designed objects

Element of Design

stress or prominence given to an element in a composition by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint

Emphasis

exterior face of a building

Facade

the shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material

Form

a wedge shaped stone placed in the crown of an arch

Keystone

The edge or contour of a shape

Line

a beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening

Lintel

effect or illusion of motion converted by the relationship of structural elements in a design or composition

Movement

an artistic or decorative design, especially one having a characteristic arrangement and considered as a unit

Pattern

wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads

Post and Lintel Construction

a principle where some graphic elements are repeated throughout the entire design

Repetition

movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the some modified form

Rhythm

2 dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area

Shape

the dimensions of height, depth and width within which all things exist and move

Space

the feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric

Texture

the state or quality of being combined into one, as the ordering of elements in an artistic work that constitutes a harmonious whole or promotes a singleness of effect

Unity

The relative lightness or darkness of a color

Value

culturally an climatically relevant architecture using locally available materials and traditional building techniques

Vernacular Structure

any of the wedge shaped units in a masonry arch or vault, having side cuts converging at one of the arch centers

Voussoir

pyramids

What was the earliest large structures?

Imhotep

Who was the earliest known architect?

tombs

What were the Egyptian pyramids used for?

religious ceremonies/ scientific use

What were the american pyramids used for?

astronomical purposes

What were the mexican pyramids used for?

house the statue of athena, used post and lintel construction

What was the parthenon?

the need for dependable water supply for domestic and agricultural purposes

What led to the construction of dams, canals, and aqueducts?

Religious Exodus

Why did greeks build roads?

2 ruts and wither carved or worn down

How did greeks build roads?

large blocks of stone for a base and then sand and then another large block

How did the Romans build roads?

Iron became cheaper and more readily available

What happened in the middle of the 18th century that changed building forever?

longer spans and lighter structures

What did iron allow?

Eiffel tower the last structure built

What marked the end of the iron era?

line, color, form, shape, space, texture, value

What are the Elements of Design?

Balance, rhythm, emphases, proportion and scale, movement, contrast, unity

What are the Principles of Design?

legal requirements designed to protect the public by providing guidelines for structural, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical areas of a structure

Building Code

an intensive workshop in which various stakeholders and experts are brought together to address a particular design issue

Charette

drawings, plans, specifications, associated with a construction projects

Construction Documents

a city, town, having its own incorporates government for local affairs

Municipality

one who is involved in or affected by a cause of actions

Stakeholder

law that specifies how and for what purpose each parcel of private real estate may be used

Zoning Ordinance

Civil Engineering

What is the oldest engineering field?

create the overall look and feel of a building

Design Architect

make sure the building can actually be built

Project Architect

oversees a structures actual constuction

Construction Administrator

enter an architects design into the computer

Draft Person

design an exterior to be functional, beautiful

Landscape Architect

design structures to support their own weight and loads

Structural Engineer

improve and maintain the environment to protect and enhance human heath

Environmental Engineer

analyze the properties of soil and rock to determine engineering properties

GeoTechnical Engineer

desin, supervise and evaluate systems for controlling water

Water Resources Engineer

evaluate systems for moving people, goods, and materials

Transportation Engineer

turns design into reality on time and budget

Construction Engineer

coordinate the development of a community

Urban Planner

a tar-impregnated paper used for water protection under roofing and singing materials

Felt

horizontal structural members used to carry the floor and ceiling loads

Floor Joists

a horizontal structural member used to support other structural members over openings as doors and windows

Header

engineer material design to keep out liquid water and protect air infiltration while allowing water vapor to escape from in the home

House Wrap

material used to restrict the flow o cheat, cold, or sound form a surface to another

Insulation

aa covering placed over exterior studs or rafters that serve as a base below the exterior finish material

Sheathing

material used for surfacing the outside walls of a frame building

Siding

a horizontal wood member placed at the bottom of walls and openings in walls

Sill

based on the relative position of the sun in order to purposefully increase or decrease the amount of light or heat transferred to the building

Solar Orientation

reducing waste by changing patterns of production and consumption

Source Reduction

vertical faming member in frame wall construction

Stud

structural floor joined to the joists that support the finish flooring

Subfloor

meeting the needs of society without damaging the natural resources

Sustainability

a horizontal structural member located on top of the studs used to hold the wall together

Top Plate

an assembly of structure members joined to form a rigid framework, usually connected to form triangles

Truss

floor joists, subfloor, walls, top plate, sole plate, window opening, roof trusses, insulation, sheathing, vapor barrier, siding, underlayment, shingles

Order of a home...

Gable

What type of roof only has one peak?

Hip

What type of roof covers all edges?

Low

What type of rood has little slope?