Ketone Bodies, Bile Salts and Cholesterol

What is the net gain of ATP from the complete oxidation of palmitic acid (C16) through β-oxidation and TCA cycle?

106 ATP.

How many acetyl CoA molecules are formed from the complete oxidation of palmitic acid?

7 acetyl CoA.

During β-oxidation of palmitic acid, how many cycles are involved?

7 cycles.

What are the three main types of ketone bodies produced?

Acetoacetate, acetone, and β-hydroxybutyrate.

What condition generally leads to the production of ketone bodies?

Increased fat oxidation due to low glucose levels or unmet energy requirements.

Why are ketone bodies considered important during fasting or diabetes?

They serve as an energy source for muscles and the brain when glucose is low.

What percentage of bile salts is typically reabsorbed in the enterohepatic cycle?

> 90% of bile salts.

What is the primary function of cholesterol?

To make bile, steroid hormones, and to serve in cell membranes.

What is the dietary recommendation for cholesterol intake?

Less than 300 mg/d.

Where are bile salts produced and stored?

Produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

What happens to bile salts that are not reabsorbed in the ileum?

About 0.5 g is lost in feces per day.

What is the role of soluble fibers in relation to bile salts?

They bind to bile and promote its excretion.