american civil right movement

what are segregation policies and jim crow laws.

in many southern states they implemented laws that enforced racial segregation called jim crow laws. these include separate school, bathrooms, restaurants.

what is brown v. board of education

a supreme court case that declared segregation in public school unconsitutional.

what is the montgomery bus boycott

a protest against the segregation of public transportation. rosa parks refused to give up her seat for a whte person which led her to be arrested. the boycotted these buses and it lasted for a year.

what is the civil right act of 1964

A federal law that prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, education, and public accommodations. It also granted the federal government the power to enforce desegregation of public schools and other institutions

what is the voting rights act of 1965

A federal law that prohibited racial discrimination in voting, including literacy tests and other methods used to disenfranchise Black voters.

Apartheid Laws

* partheid laws enforced racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

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nonviolent Protests:

Nonviolent protests were a key strategy used by anti-apartheid activists, with figures such as Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu promoting peaceful resistance

what is the freedom charter

The Freedom Charter was a document created in 1955 that called for equal rights and an end to apartheid, serving as a rallying cry for anti-apartheid activists

Rise of Black Consciousness

* The rise of black consciousness in the 1960s and 1970s emphasized pride in African culture and identity, and played an important role in mobilizing young people against the apartheid regime.
* Steve Biko was a key figures in this movement

The Soweto Uprising

* The Soweto Uprising in 1976 was a turning point in the anti-apartheid movement.
* Thousands of black students protested against the introduction of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in schools, leading to a violent crackdown by police

Black Lives Matter Movement

* The Black Lives Matter movement has emerged as a global movement for racial justice, with a focus on the systemic oppression faced by black people in the United States and beyond.
* The movement has drawn attention to police brutality, racial profiling, and other forms of systemic racism

armed stuggle

The armed struggle was a strategy used by anti-apartheid groups in South Africa, to use force to overthrow the apartheid government and create a democratic and non-racial South Africa. This involved tactics such as sabotage and guerrilla warfare, and received support from other countries. The armed struggle was controversial, with some arguing it was necessary, but ultimately a combination of international pressure, economic sanctions, and domestic unrest led to negotiations and the establishment of a post-apartheid South Africa.