Global Cities Unit 5 Test

Agricultural Hearths

The original location of that product or ingredient.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, humans, technology, diseases, and ideas between the old and new world in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Agriculture

The process of growing crops and raising animals so cities can form, or the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Crops

Plants grown by farmers on land for food, clothing or other purposes, ex: rice, wheat, corn, and cotton

Livestock

Farm animals that people raise for food, work, and products—cows for milk and beef

Subsistence Agriculture

Agricultural activity to produce food for the household—primarily not for selling

Commercial Agriculture

The selling of grown crops

Pastoral Nomadism

A way of life where people move with their livestock in search of grazing pastures and water, often seasonally

Plantation Farming

A large farm in tropical climates that specializes in selling a single crop

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Where crops and livestock benefit each other—corn and cattle

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

A plant or animal’s DNA is changed/transferred using science for improved traits—sugar beets, papaya, corn, cotton, soy, etc.

Cash Crops

Cash crops are agricultural products grown primarily for sale and profit, rather than for personal consumption—cotton, wheat, illegal drugs, etc.

What are the agricultural hearths of the world, and what staple crops originated there?

The most familiar hearths are those where prehistoric people domesticated the foods we commonly eat today: Mexico (corn), Peru (potatoes), the Middle East (wheat and barley), Africa (soybeans and millet), and east Asia (rice).

How did the neolithic, first and third industrial, and green revolution change agricultural practices?

The Neolithic Revolution initiated agriculture, transitioning from hunting and gathering to farming and settlement. The First Industrial Revolution introduced mechanization and increased efficiency, leading to larger farms and economies of scale. The Green Revolution, meanwhile, focused on increasing yields through new technologies and agricultural practices.

In what ways have globalization and trade changed how we get our food? What are the costs associated with this global trade?

Globalization and trade have fundamentally altered how we access food, offering greater diversity and affordability but also creating vulnerabilities and potential costs. Globalization allows for the import of seasonal and specialized foods, increases the variety available in grocery stores, and makes some food options more affordable. However, this reliance on global food systems can make countries vulnerable to disruptions, and the increased complexity of supply chains can raise food safety concerns.

In what ways have globalization and trade changed how we get our food? What are the costs associated with this global trade?

Globalization and trade have dramatically altered how we access food, leading to increased variety, lower prices, and year-round availability of produce. However, this system also has costs, including potential job displacement in some sectors, increased vulnerability to global events, and environmental impacts.

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