Ch. 1 & 3, cell structure and function

Anatomy

structure

Physiology

Function

Gross anatomy

study of large structure visible to the eyes

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Levels of organization

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Homeostasis

(unchanging) ability to maintain stable internal conditions; balance

Plasma membrane

forms the outer boundary of a cell also called cell membrane

Cytoplasm

is negatively charged compared to extracellular. located between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, contains many organelles

Extracellular

substances outside the cell

intracellular

things between the cells

Glycocalyx

collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

Fluid mosaic

modern concept of the plasma suggesting it is highly flexible and can change its shape and composition through time

Types of membrane proteins

transmambrane and peripheral

Function of membrane proteins

Receptor, enzymes, channel protein, carriers, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Diffusion

movement of solute from high to low concentration

Osmosis

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Tonicity

ability of a surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell; hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

Hypotonic

cell absords water, swells, and can burst

Hypertonic

cell loses water and shrinks

Isotonic

no change in a cell volume

Facilitated diffusion

carrier moves solute down its concentration gradient; does not consume ATP/energy

Active transport

carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration

Endocytosis

moves into the cell

Exocytosis

out of the cell

Phagocytosis

"cell eating" destroying large particles

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking" take small droplets of extracellular fluid

Cytosol

a clear, viscous, watery colloid within the cell

Cytoskeleton

a network of protein filaments and cylinders

Cytoskeleton function

provides cell structure, determines cell shape, movement, trasport and division

Nucleus

usually largest organelle (5um in diameter) contain cell's genetic material

Chromatin

long strands of DNA found in cell nucleus, condense to form chromosomes

Nucleolus

dense structure within the nucleus responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA and assembling ribosomes

Ribosomes

makes protein; small granules of protein and RNA responsible for protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

network if interconnected membranous channels called cisterns

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

parallel, flattened sacs, covered with ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

tubular ER lacking ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

modifies newly synthesized protein and synthesized carbohydrates

Lysosomes

package of enzymes bound by a membrane

Mitochondria

organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

Centrioles

a short cylindrical assmebly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each

Cilia

hair like process 7 to 10um long

Flagellum

whiplike structure; taile of a sperm

Microvili

increases cell surface area

Mitosis

division of somatic cells

Meiosis

specialized cell division process that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms

Cytokines

process where the cytoplasm of the cell divides into two 'daughter' cells

Apoptosis

programmed cell death