Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

2nd Semester - 3rd Quarter

Disaster

refers to a sudden calamitous event that brings great damage, loss, destruction and devastation

Strong hazard + increased exposure + increased vulnerability = DISASTER

A disaster occurs when a strong hazard meets high exposure and vulnerability. Reducing exposure and vulnerability can help prevent disasters.

People and Property

By keeping this two things as distant as possible from hazards we can reduce the level of vulnerability and exposure of people.

Natural Disaster and Man-made Disaster

Classification of Disasters

Natural Disaster

It is caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruption, hurricanes, fire, tornado, and extreme temperatures.

Man-Made Disaster

It is caused by man in which major direct causes are identifiable intentional or non-intentional human actions.

Disaster Risk

the potential disaster losses in lives, health statuses, livelihoods, assets, and service which could occur in a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.

1. Climate Change

2. Environmental Degradation

3. Poverty and Inequality

4. Poorly Planned and Managed Urban Development

5. Weak Governance

5 Factors which Underlie to Disasters

Climate Change

can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways - by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns.

Environmental Degradation

changes to the environment can influence the frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to these hazards

Poverty and Inequality

Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures.

Poorly Planned and Managed Urban Development

The growing rate of urbanization and the increase in population density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially when urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in context of widespread poverty.

Weak Governance

Unwilling to assume their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and public services.

Vulnerability

the susceptibility of an individual or group of people to the impact of natural hazards.

• characteristics and circumstances that make a society susceptible to a hazard

• quantifying the vulnerability is important because it can help us to estimate how much mitigation and preparedness is applicable in certain areas

Exposure

degree to which a community is likely to experiment hazard events of different magnitude

Social and Physical Vulnerability

Two Types of Vulnerability

Social Vulnerability

inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of cultural values.

Physical Vulnerability

the element exposed to hazard during typhoon if the houses are destroyed

Hazard

it is defined as the of danger and something that may cause injury or harm. It is also the uncertain course of events in a country.

A slippery pathway in a school

is a situation that best demonstrate a hazard.

Natural, Quasi-Natural, and Technological Hazard

Types of Hazard

Natural Hazard

a naturally occurring physical phenomena having atmospheric, geologic or hydrologic origin. Type of hazards that arises from natural processes in the environment.

Quasi-Natural Hazard

type of hazard that arises through interaction of natural processes and human activities. Examples are SMOG, WATER POLLUTION AND AIR POLLUTION

Technological Hazard

type of hazards arises directly as a result of human activities

Earthquake

A vibration on the surface of the Earth as a result of sudden release of energy due to the movement of plates

A community that experiences an earthquake with a depth of focus of 100km

are the community that will be least affected by an earthquake

• Ground Shaking

• Group Rupture

• Liquefaction

• Earthquake-induced landslides

• Earthquake-induced ground subsidence

• Fire

• Tsunami

Earthquake Hazards

Ground Shaking

This describes the vibration of the ground where an earthquake occurs which is usually recorded in terms of intensity.

Intensity

Earthquake is usually recorded in terms of this

Ground Rupture

primary hazard caused by an earthquake. It happens on areas where the fault zone moves.

Cracks on the ground/fault

Ground Rupture

Liquefaction

secondary effect of an earthquake described as collapse of buildings caused by earthquake vibrating water-saturated fill or unconsolidated soil.

Subsidence - lowering of the ground, often occurs during an earthquake

Liquefaction - the strength and stiffness of soil is reduced by earthquake shaking

Difference between subsidence and liquefaction

Subsidence

is the lowering of the ground surface often occurs during an earthquake

Liquefaction

is the phenomena in which the strength and stiffness of the soil is reduced by earthquake shaking.

Earthquake-induced landslides

Landslides refer to a wide range ground movement such as rock fall and debris fall

Earthquake-induced ground subsidence

potential earthquake hazards results the lowering of the ground surface often occurs during an earthquake

Fire

might happen when ground shaking results to breakage of gas, electrical lines and fuel lines, and overturning of stoves

Tsunami

It is the seismic sea wave in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water generally in an ocean or a large lake.

Brown

In hazard map this color mean could experience very strong shaking

Gray

In earthquake map, moderate intensity is represented by this color

Magma

molten rocks found beneath the Earth

Sulfur dioxide

is the toxic gas released naturally by volcanic activity

Silica content

characteristics of magma mainly affects the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption

Viscosity

property of substances to resist flow

Mudflow

is the emission of voluminous quantities of loose, unconsolidated tephra which become deposited on the landscape

Lava flow

is the most damaging to property, as they can destroy anything in their path

Gustatory

is the sense that is not used in detecting premonitory events before a volcanic eruption.

Harmonic tremors

is the signs of an impending volcanic eruption refers to the swelling of volcano that signals the accumulation of magma near its surface.

• Chemical content

• Temperature

• Turbidity

the following that should be continuously monitored to in a lake or hot spring around a volcano