Human Anatomy

Quiz 1

Nucleus

Control center of the cell.

Nucleolus

Ribosomes production.

Nuclear Envelope

Support/Structure of nucleus.

Ribosomes (Polysomes)

Protein synthesis via translation.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein synthesis via translation.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis

Detoxification of drugs and alcohol.

Nuclear Pore

Transportation into/out of nucleus.

Nucleoplasm

Supportive medium inside the nucleus.

Chromatin/Chromosomes

Contains genes.

Cells have 3 main components.

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus.

Golgi Complex (Apparatus)

Modifications and packaging of proteins.

Transport Vesicle

Carries substances around the cell.

Secretory Vesicle

Carries substances out of the cell.

Lysosome

Destroys useless/unwanted substances

And useless organelles.

Vacuole

Storage area.

Mitochondria

ATP production via cellular respiration.

Centrioles

Produces spindle fibers for cell division.

Cilla

Movement of substance on the outside of cell.

Flagella

Movement of cell.

Cell Membrane

Support/Structure of cell, Transportation into/out of cell.

“Fluid”

Phospholipid bilayer

“Mosaic”

Membrane Proteins

Passive Transport

No ATP (Energy) needed

Movement from higher to lower concentration

Diffusion

Location- Phospholipid Bilayer

Example-O2, CO2, Lipids

Osmosis

diffusion of water molecules across a membrane

Location- Phospholipid Bilayer

Example- H2O

Isotonic Solution

-Solute and water concentrations are equal on both sides of membrane

-Same amount of H2O goes into as out of the cell

-No net gain or loss of water by the cell

Hypertonic Solution

• Concentration of solute is higher in the solution than inside

the cell

• H2O can rush out of a cell

• Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink

• Crenation in animal cells

Hypotonic Solution

• Concentration of solute in the solution is lower than inside the cell

• H2O can rush into cell

• Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell

• May cause animal cells to lyse (rupture)

Facilitated Diffusion

Location- Protein.

movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through an integral protein

Simple diffusion

tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient.

Active Transport

Movement from lower to higher concentration, energy required.

Primary Active Transport

integral proteins move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration

gradient, ATP (energy) need

Secondary Active Transport

integral proteins move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration

gradient, two items needed; 1st item set up gradient for 2nd item to move

Bulk (Membrane Assisted) Transport

Large particles enter or exit the cell via membrane vesicles

Exocytosis or Endocytosis

Endocytosis

Cells engulf substances into a pouch which becomes a vesicle.

Phagocytosis

Large, solid material is taken in by endocytosis, forms a vacuole

Pinocytosis

Vesicle's form around a liquid or very small particles, forms a vesicle.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Specific form of pinocytosis using receptor proteins and a coated pit, forms a coated vesicle

Exocytosis

Vesicle's fuse with plasma membrane and secrete contents.

Epithelium: Simple Squamous

Example of location: alveoli in lungs

Function: thin protection allowing diffusion

Epithelium: Simple Cuboidal

Example of location: kidney tubules & some glands

Function: absorption and secretion

Epithelium: Nonciliated Simple Columnar

Epithelium: Ciliated Simple Columnar

Epithelium: Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Example of location: Epidermis

Function: protection from abrasion and drying…

Epithelium: Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Example of location: inside of mouth, esophagus

Function: protection from abrasion…

Epithelium: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Example of location: trachea

(Nonciliated type can be found in sperm-carrying ducts.)

Function: secretion and cilia propels mucus

Epithelium: Transitional

Epithelium: Exocrine Gland

Epithelium: Endocrine Gland

Connective: Loose (Areolar)

Example of location: widely distributed under epithelia, superficial layer of dermis

Function: wraps and holds organs together, holds tissue fluid

Connective: Adipose

Example of location: hypodermis and around organs

Function: cushions organs, stores energy as fat/lipid

Connective: Dense Regular Collagenous

Connective: Hyaline Cartilage

Example of location: ends of long bones, tracheal rings

Function: Provides flexible support and slippery surfaces

(preventing friction during movement of bones)

Connective: Elastic Cartilage

Example of location: pina (external ear), epiglottis

Function: Provides really flexible support that allows for return to original shape and preventing deformation

Connective: Fibrocartilage

Example of location: Intervertebral discs, menisci

Function: Provides strong support; absorbs forces

Connective: Spongy Bone

Connective: Compact Bone

Example of location: (Superficial layer of) bones

Function: As levers for muscle actions, protects organs

Phospholipid Bilayer

Support/structure of cell

Transportation into/out of cell.

Receptor-Mediated (Vesicle) Transport

Bulk movement into and out of the cell via enclosed vesicles.

What do cells do?

Obtain nutrients, Make molecules needed to survive, Dispose of wastes, Maintain shape of cell, Replicate

What are the 3 types of movement through the plasma membrane?

Passive transport, Active transport, Bulk transport (membrane assisted)