Exam 2: Special Pop., Ling. Diversity, + Lg. Assess.

Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS)

Child has no control over lip, jaw, tongue movement when speaking; Brain has trouble planning speech movement

• Controversial in:

  • Etiology

  • Speech characteristics

DAS: Etiology

Controversial;

• Disorder of speech motor control

• Unknown cause

DAS: Speech characteristics

Controversial;

• Exact/agreed symptoms are variable

• Not all symptoms have to be present

• No one symptom must be present

Groping

Ongoing series of movements of articulators to find desired artic position

Cleft palate/lip

Cons. distortions assoc. w nasal emissions:

• Due to velo-pharyn inadequacy → Nasality during vowels + vocalist cons.

• Unusual backed artic.: Back velar sub for /l, r, n/

Hearing impairment: Speech characteristics

Deletions + sub. w final cons. deletion being the most common

Acquired Apraxia of Speech (AAS)

Disorder in production of articulation + prosody; Results from impairment to CNS programming of oral movement

Dysarthria

Neuromuscular disorder; Impairment of CNS + PNS (specifically speech control/coordination portion);

• Muscular weakness/paralysis + discoordinaton result from neurological involvement

• Affects all speech processes

SLP Role

1. Conduct unbiased assessment

2. Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Diff. vs. Disorder; Sort out phono. patterns (influenced by community) from phono. disorders

Primary/Native lg.

First lg. learned; Can be 1+ lgs., as long as both acquired simultaneously; Never changes

Dominant lg.

Strongest lg.; Mixed lg. dominance (lg1 + lg 2 equally fluent); Can change

Spanish: Vowels

5 primary vowels:

1. Front - /i, e/

2. Back - /u, o, a/

Spanish: Consonants

18 total;

1. Stops /p, b, t, d, k, g/

2. Fricatives /f, x (hw), s/

3. Affricate /t, ʃ/

4. Glides /w, j/

5. Flap /ɾ/

6. Lateral /l/

7. Trill /rr/

8. Nasals /m, n, ɲ, ñ/

Asian lgs.: Tone

Most are tonal; Diffs. in word meaning signified by pitch diffs.; Dialect diffs. not errors

Speakers of other dialects shouldn’t be treated…

Unless errors in other dialects/wants to learn SAE dialect (not in schools)

Criterion-referenced

Standardized lg test; Looks at whether certain skills have been achieved rather than a score

Age-equivalent score performance is…

Assigned an age

Age-equivalent score-performance

• Assigned an age

• Use with caution (shouldn’t say “performing like a 3 year old — ASHA warns)

• Not used in schools for school age children, but can be for preschool

Standard scores assign…

A number to mean + constant number to SD

For IQ tests…

Mean is often 100 + SD is 15

Percentile-ranke score tells you…

What % of test takers scored at/lower than your child

• ex. 40th percentile of children scored at or below your child on this sub/test

Reliability

Repeatability, consistency of measurement

Correlation

Statistical measure of how 2 sets of test scores/half scores vary; Contains:

• Pos. + neg.

Higher the correlation

More reliable test

Validity

Test measures what it says it measures

Construct validity

Accuracy with which measure describes trait/construct; Compare test with other test measuring same thing

Basal

Number of consecutive correct answers must have to continue test

Mean Length Utterance (MLU)

Number of morphemes in each utterance divided by number of utterances

• Mean compared to norms

• Not meaningful for ages 4.0+

Informal analysis

Look over each utterance for morphological errors + syntactic complexity

Informal analysis traits

• Used to support standardized eval of syntax/morphology

• 50+ utterances

• Most common in schools

Word finding difficulties: symptoms

• frequent pauses + pronouns

• repetitions

• circumlocutions

• fillers

• nonspecific words

• frequent pronouns

• clichés

• routinized expression

Grice’s 4 Principles

• On topic

• Truthful

• Be brief

• Be relevant

By age of 10…

Children should be able to change utterances when not understood

Proxemics

Personal space

Non-verbal comm.

• Eye contact

• Proxemics

• Gestures

• Facial expressions

• Posture/other body lg.

Conversational rules/interactional strategies

• Convo. Initiation

• Topic initiation

• Maintenance

• Elaboration

• Topic changing

• Termination

• Grice’s principles

Conve