BIOL 2403 - A&P - Minich - Chapter 2 notes - Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

Matter

Anything that occupies space

Energy

ability to do work of cause change

Matter is composed of ....

Atoms

Atoms are composed of .....

3 types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons

Neutrons are _____ charged

neutrally

Protons are ______ charged

Positively

Electrons are ________ charged

Negatively

Electrons are located on different ________ of the electron cloud

orbitals

the number of _______ electrons determine an atoms behavior

valence

Valence electrons of reactive atoms interact with other atoms to form various _____

Compounds

How many elements have been discovered?

118

how many elements occur in nature?

92

How many elements are present in living organisms?

25

-The atomic number contains the number of _____

-the atomic mass is the number of ____________

protons, protons and neutrons

in the periodic table, periods are _________ (direction) and they indicate __________

side to side ; number of orbitals

in the periodic table, groups are _________ (direction) and they indicate_____________

up and down ; number of valence electrons

Each atoms behavior is determined by the number of __________

Valence electrons

What does the octet rule state?

That an element must have 8 valence electrons to be considered stable

What are the exceptions to the octet rule?

Helium and hydrogen. They only need 2 valence electrons

Inert/complete atom

when an atom is stable and does not need to interact with other atoms (only in group 8 - noble gasses)

reactive/incomplete atom

when an atom does not have a complete outer shell and needs to interact with other atoms

compound

when two or more incomplete atoms bond (ionic or covalent)

ionic bonding

between a metal and non-metal

covalent bonding

between two non-metals

ions

atoms or groups of atoms with a positive charge or negative charge (often times written like Na+ or Na-)

ions with a positive charge

Cations

ions with a negative charge

Anions

how are ions formed?

by giving or taking electrons in order to achieve chemical stability

Metals tend to _____ electrons and become cations (+)

Give

non-metals tend to ______ electrons and become anions (-)

take

positive and negative ions experience powerful attraction called __________________________

ionic bonding

Major function of Sodium ion (Na+)

signaling in nerve and muscle tissues

Major function of Potassium ion (K+)

signaling in nerve and muscle tissue

Major function of calcium ion (Ca^2+)

Hardness of bones, muscle contractions, blood clotting

Major function of hydrogen ion (H+)

determines pH

Major function of Phosphate (PO4^3-)

Bone hardness, component of DNA, RNA, ATP

Major function of Chloride (Cl-)

Signaling

Some ions reach stability by ___________ electrons, otherwise known as covalent bonding

Sharing

The number of ______ each atom will form = the number of electrons needed to complete the outer shell

Bonds

non-polar covalent bonding

Two atoms share equally

When does non-polar covalent bonding occur?

between atoms of the same element or between C-H atoms

polar covalent bonding

Two different atoms share unequally

The closer to _________ (element) the closer the electron pull

Helium

as the result of covalent bonding, complex particles called __________ are formed

molecules

polar molecules are formed when....

polar covalent bonds are arranged in a way that produces a molecule that has one end positive, while the opposite end is negative

non-polar molecules are formed when....

a.) all bonds non-polar covalent

b.) polar covalent bonds are arranged in a way that no opposite charges exist on the opposite ends

Amphipathic molecules are....

large molecules that is polar in one location and non polar in another location

Structure of water

dipolar. Oxygen has two partial negative charges while hydrogen has one partial positive charge

hydrophobic

does not like water - nonpolar molecules

hydrophilic

likes water - some polar molecules

amphipathic

one part likes water and the other part does not -

both polar and nonpolar molecules

functions of liquid water in the body

transport (blood)

lubricates (serous fluid)

cushions (cerebrospinal fluid)

What is pH

a measure of the relative amount of hydrogen concentration in a solution

pH less that 7 is _____

acidic

pH greater than 7 is ______

basic

acid has a _____ concentration of H+

higher

Bases have a _______ concentration of H+

lower

Buffer

a single substance or group of substances that prevent pH changes by adding or decreasing H+

biochemistry

the study of the chemistry of life

What are the two substances found in living organisms?

organic and inorganic

Organic substances ______ carbon

contain

inorganic substances _______ carbon

Don't contain

what are the four classes (biomolecules) of organic substances

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbon needs ___ electrons to satisfy the octect rule, so it can form ___ bonds arranged in a great variety of molecules: _______, ________, _________.

4; 4; chains, branched chains, rings

What does carboxyl look like?

What does Amine look like?

What does a phospate look like?

monomers

small molecules (one unit)

Polymers

large small molecules (many units)

Carbohydrate function

-Major source of energy

-structure and support

If a word ends in -ose it is a _________

carb

-saccharides means _______

carbs

Glucose

C6H12O6

hexagon

major source of energy

Fructose

monosaccharide

C6H12O6

pentagon

source of energy

Ribose

monosaccharide

C5H10O5

component of RNA

Deoxyribose

monosaccharide

C5H10O4

component of DNA

*DEOXYRIBOSE DOES NOT HAVE THE BLUE OH BUT RIBOSE DOES*

Sucrose

Disaccharide

made of glucose and fructose

source of energy

Glycogen

branches

energy storage (animals - liver and skeletal muscle)

Starch

String

energy storage (plants - stems and roots)

Cellulose

structural molecule (supports plant cells)

Lipids are diverse but one common feature is that they are ________

Hydrophobic

Triglycerides (fats, oils)

long term energy storage + insulation + cushioning

Phospholipid

Major component of cell membranes

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

steroids

component of cell membranes + some hormones + vitamin D

Eicosanoids

local signaling molecules aiding various body systems

there are greater than _____ proteins in a human body

10,000

What are the functions of proteins

1. structure

2. transport (other molecules)

3. regulate (cellular processes)

4. fight (diseases)

5. catalyze (chemical reactions in a cell - enzymes)

6. cause movement

7. provide energy (LAST RESERVE)

All proteins are ________ composed of one or more stands of ________________ monomers held by _________ bonds

polymers; amino acid; peptide

R-groups (of a protein) determine ________ of amino acids

behavior

different R-group within 20 amino acids _____ with each other and surrounding _______. This interactions cause each protein to fold to fold into a precise, unique 3-D structure (protein _______)

interact; water; conformation

Primary protein structure

step 1

a specific sequence of AA within a chain (polypeptide)

Secondary protein structure

step 2

folding of a polypeptide section into repeating patterns due to the hydrogen bonding between various amino acids

tertiary protein structure

step 3

overall shape of a polypeptide chain - globular or fibrous

quarternary protein structure

step 4

shape produced by combination of several polypeptide chains

protein functioning

every protein must be precisely folded into a correct 3-D shape (conformation) to do its job for the living organism

What happens when there is an unfavorable change in temp or vibration interfere with intramolecular bonding

it can cause the protein to loose its shape

the process of a protein losing its shape is called _________

denaturation

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

-store and transmit genetic info

-determine the types of proteins synthesized within cells

nucleic acids are _____ composed of ________

polymers; monomers

What is a nucleic acid composed of?

phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base