Anatomy II: Chapter 22 pt 2

What are the two phases of breathing (pulmonary ventilation)?

Inhalation and exhalation.

What is true about inspiration?

It involves muscle contractions.

Expiration is mostly a:

Passive process.

Air moves from:

High pressure to low pressure.

What happens to lung pressure during inhalation?

It decreases below atmospheric pressure.

What is the pressure inside the alveoli called?

Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul).

What happens to pressure in the pleural cavity (Pip) during breathing?

It is always lower than alveolar pressure.

What law explains the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs?

Boyle’s Law.

What is the result of lung collapse (atelectasis)?

Pneumothorax.

During expiration, what forces push air out of the lungs?

Elastic recoil and surface tension.

Forced expiration involves:

Accessory muscles.

What does lung compliance refer to?

Effort required to stretch the lungs.

What does increased airway resistance cause?

Decreased airflow.

What is the normal tidal volume (TV) in a resting adult?

500 mL.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) refers to:

Maximum air inhaled beyond tidal volume.

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Maximum amount of air exchangeable (TV + IRV + ERV).

What does spirometry measure?

Lung volume and capacity.

What is anatomical dead space?

Air in conducting respiratory passages.

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

Air exhaled after deep inspiration.

Which non-respiratory air movement clears the lower respiratory tract?

Coughing.

Atmospheric air is composed mostly of:

Nitrogen.

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

760 mm Hg.

What is the primary factor that drives oxygen into the blood?

Partial pressure gradient.

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of its individual gas pressures?

Dalton’s Law.

Henry’s Law states that gas dissolving in liquid depends on:

Pressure and solubility.

Which gas is most soluble in blood plasma?

Carbon dioxide.

What happens when a scuba diver ascends too quickly?

Nitrogen bubbles form in the blood.

What is the main carrier of oxygen in the blood?

Hemoglobin.

What is the normal resting PO2 in the alveoli?

104 mm Hg.

What does the Haldane effect describe?

More CO2 binding to hemoglobin when O2 levels are low.

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water into carbonic acid?

Carbonic anhydrase.

What causes respiratory acidosis?

High CO2 levels in the blood.

What happens to the pressure when the volume of a gas increases, according to Boyle's Law?

The pressure goes down

What does Dalton's Law say about the total pressure of a mixture of gases?

it’s the sum of the pressures from each gas