Archeology exam #2

Archaic

Cultural stage (9,000-3,000 years ago) with diverse foraging and early semi-sedentary life before full agriculture.

Agricultural state

A complex society organized around intensive farming, surplus production, and centralized political power.

Artificial selection

Human control of breeding in plants or animals to enhance desired traits.

Band societies

Small, mobile hunter-gatherer groups based on kinship and egalitarian sharing.

Broad Spectrum Collecting

Mesolithic strategy using a wide range of plant and animal resources instead of big-game focus.

Çatalhöyük

Large Neolithic village in Turkey (ca. 7,000 BCE); early farming, dense housing, wall paintings, ritual shrines.

Clovis First

Outdated theory that the first Americans were the Clovis culture (~13,000 BP) entering via Bering Land Bridge.

Civilization (characteristics of)

Urban centers, writing, monumental works, class hierarchy, trade, and state government (Childe's traits)

Co-Evolution of Agriculture

Mutual adaptation between humans and species they domesticated over generations.