ap bio immune system

Immune System

The body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders.

Immune response in plants

Plants have developed various mechanisms to detect and respond to pathogens.

Barrier defenses

Physical and chemical barriers that protect plants from pathogens.

Waxy cuticle

A protective layer on plant leaves that prevents water loss and pathogen entry.

Thorns and spines

Physical adaptations in plants that deter herbivores.

Hairs

Structures on plant surfaces that can trap herbivores or reduce herbivory.

Physical adaptations

Structural changes in plants that enhance survival against herbivory.

Leaf shedding

A strategy some plants use to avoid damage from herbivores.

Leaf coloration

Color changes that can signal toxicity or unpalatability to herbivores.

Thigmonastic movements

Nondirectional response of plants to mechanical stimuli.

Lenticels

Small openings in the bark of plants that allow gas exchange.

Secondary metabolites

Organic compounds that are not directly involved in normal growth but aid in defense.

Fungicides

Substances used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi.

Hypersensitive Response

A localized cell death in plants to slow down pathogen spread.

Localized death of plant cells

A defense mechanism in plants involving selective cell destruction.

Systematic Acquired Resistance

A whole-plant defensive response to a localized infection.

Salicylic acid

A plant hormone involved in signaling and defense responses.

Innate Immunity

The first line of defense using physical and chemical barriers.

physical barriers

Initial defenses like skin and mucous membranes, 1st line of defense

Skin

The body's outer layer that serves as a physical barrier to pathogens.

Mucus membranes

Lining of body passages that trap pathogens and foreign particles.

Lysozymes in tear ducts

Enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls.

leukocytes

Immune cells that respond to infections after barriers are breached, 2nd line of defense

Phagocytes

Immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that play key roles in the immune response.

Natural killer cells

Immune cells that attack infected and cancerous cells.

Basophils & Mast cells

Cells that produce histamines to promote inflammation.

TLR Receptors

Receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Chemical response

Responses triggered by immune signaling molecules in the body.

Chemokines

Signaling proteins that direct leukocytes to sites of infection.

Interferons

Proteins produced by infected cells to alert neighboring cells.

Adaptive Immunity

A specific immune response involving lymphocytes targeting specific pathogens.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that are key players in adaptive immunity.

Naive lymphocytes

Mature but inactive white blood cells ready to be activated.

Plasma B

B cells that produce antibodies after activation.

Produced in bone marrow

The location where B cells are generated.

Memory B

Long-lived B cells that respond quickly upon re-exposure to a pathogen.

T cells

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and are involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Helper T Cell

T cells that activate B cells in the immune response.

Cytotoxic T

T cells that destroy infected cells using toxins.

Memory T

T cells that remain inactive until re-exposed to a pathogen.

MHC Proteins

Molecules that present antigens to T cells.

MHC I

Major Histocompatibility Complex present on all nucleated cells.

MHC II

Found on antigen-presenting cells like macrophages.

Cell Mediated Immunity

T cell-based immune response against infected cells.

Humoral Immunity

B cell mediated response in which antibodies are produced.

Role of Helper T Cell

To activate other immune cells, particularly B cells and Cytotoxic T cells.

Autoimmune Disorder

A condition where the immune system attacks the body's own cells.

Graves Disease

An autoimmune disorder where antibodies overstimulate thyroid hormone production.

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune disease where the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells.

Blood typing

A method to determine blood group based on the presence of antigens.

Type A

Blood type with A antigens and anti-B antibodies.

Type B

Blood type with B antigens and anti-A antibodies.

Type AB

Universal recipient blood type with A and B antigens and no antibodies.

Type O

Universal donor blood type with no antigens present.

HIV

A retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 T cells.

Retrovirus

A type of virus that inserts its RNA into the host genome.

Helper T Cell

A type of T cell that is targeted by HIV for infection.

Dendritic Cell

Antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in initiating immune responses.

Macrophage

Immune cells that engulf pathogens and present antigens to T cells.