OU anatomy 2255 exam 1

axial

trunk and head

appendicular

appendages

brachium

arm

antebrachium

forearm

axilla

armpit

manus

hand

pes

foot

crural

leg

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

saggital plane

divides the body into medial and lateral parts

cranial

towards the head

caudal

towards the tail

lateral

away from the midline

medial

toward the midline

proximal

toward the point of attachment

distal

further from the point of attachment

superior

above

inferior

below

posterior (dorsal)

back

anterior (ventral)

front

extension

straightening of a body part

flexion

bending at a joint (decreasing the angle between two body parts)

extension and flexion are referred to in what plane?

saggital plane

hyperextension

going past anatomical position

lateral flexion

bending at the waist (left or right)

abduction

moving away from the midline

adduction

moving towards the midline

abduction and adduction are referred to in what plane?

coronal plane

medial rotation

toward the midline

lateral rotation

away from the midline

circumduction

a large circular motion

what type of rotation occurs at the waist?

just rotation because lateral and medial rotation can not occur

elevation

ex. raising of shoulders

depression

ex. pushing down of shoulders

inversion

turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

dorsiflexion

raising the toes toward the shin

plantar flexion

pointing toes toward the floor

protraction

pushing something forward

retraction

pulling something backward

pronation

medially rotating forearms so palms face backwards

supination

laterally rotating forearms so palms face forward (anatomical position)

opposition

involves flexion, abduction, and medial rotation of thumb (putting thumb against any finger)

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

unilateral

only on one side

bilateral

on both sides

extrinsic

a muscle that originates and inserts on different parts of the body (crosses a joint)

intrinsic

a muscle that has both its origin and insertion on the same part of the body (intrinsic back muscles)

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

scoliosis

lateral deviation

kyphosis

posterior curvature (hunch back)

lordosis

increased lumbar curvature (sway back)

how many vertebrae are there in each section

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

pelvic girdle

os coax, sacrum, and coccyx

deltoid (action)

anterior fibers- flex, medially rotate arm

middle fibers- abduct arm

posterior fibers- extend and laterally rotate arm

deltoid (innervation)

axillary nerve

infraspinatus (action)

adducts, laterally rotates arm

infraspinatus (innervation)

suprascapular nerve

teres major (action)

extends, adducts, medially rotates scapula

rhomboid minor (action)

elevates, retracts (adducts), inferiorly rotates scapula

Serratus Posterior Superior (action)

elevates ribs during forced inhalation

Serratus Posterior Inferior (action)

depress ribs during forced exhalation

levator scapulae (action)

elevate, inferiorly rotate scapula

levator costarum (action)

elevate ribs

splenius crevices (action)

uni- rotates head toward same side bi- extends vertebral column and neck

iliocostalis group (action)

uni- laterally flexes vertebral column bi- extends vertebral column and maintains posture

longissimus group (action)

uni- laterally flexes vertebral column bi- extends vertebral column and maintains posture

spinals group (action)

uni- laterally flexes vertebral column bi- extends vertebral column and maintains posture

multifidus (action)

uni- rotates vertebral column toward opposite side bi- extends vertebral column

rotatores (action)

uni- rotates vertebral column toward opposite side bi- extends vertebral column

semispinalis group (action)

uni- laterally flexes vertebral column/head bi- extends vertebral column/head

interspinalis (action)

uni- rotates vertebral column toward opposite side bi- extends vertebral column

Intertransversarii (action)

uni- laterally flexes vertebral column bi- stabilizes vertebral column

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major (action)

extends head/neck

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor (action)

extends head/neck

Oblique Capitis Superior (action)

turns head to same side

Oblique Capitis Inferior (action)

turns head to same side

gluteus minimus (action)

abducts and medially rotates thigh

piriformis (action)

laterally rotates thigh

superior gemellus (action)

laterally rotates thigh

inferior gemellus (action)

laterally rotates thigh

obturator internus (action)

laterally rotates thigh

quadrates femurs (action)

laterally rotates thigh

anterior longitudinal ligament

on the anterior side of the vertebral body; helps stabilize and prevent hyperextension of back

posterior longitudinal ligament

on the posterior side of the vertebral body; helps limit hyper flexion and reinforce disks (weaker and narrower than anterior)

ligamentum flavum

lines underneath of vertebral arch

rotator cuff muscles

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

spinal cord regions

Cervical (8) (C1-C7)

Thoracic (12) (T1-T12)

Lumbar (5) (L1-L5)

Sacral (5) (S1-S4)

Coccygeal (1) (S5)

conus medullaris

tapering of spinal cord around L1 or L2

cauda equina

long spinal nerve roots that go from conus medullaris down to the sacral region

film terminale

an extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord the the coccyx

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

dura mater

("tough mother") first of the meningeal layer that covers the spinal cord

arachnoid membrane

space if filled with csf (shock absorber and diffusion medium for dissolved gasses, nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste)

pia mater

("gentle mother") where the vasculature of the spinal cord is

denticulate ligaments

provides lateral stability of the spinal cord (extensions of the pia mater)

spinal reflex arc

pathway of sensory impulses from receptors to effectors without first going to brain

axon of sensory neurons

go from the body to the spinal cord