Luke Anatomy 1 - Exam 1

Hierarchy of Complexity

Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecules, Atoms

3 Components of Feedback Loops

Receptors, Integrating (Control) Center, Effector

Receptors

Something that senses a change in the body

Integrating (Control) Center

Processes info and makes a decision

Effectors

Carries out the final corrective action

Negative Feedback Loop

Body responds with an action in the opposite direction to try to reverse what is happening (ex. sweating when body temp rises)

Positive Feedback Loop

Body responds with an action to continue what is happening (ex. fever above 104, body increases metabolic rate and produces more heat)

Peri-

Around

Ecto-

Outside

Endo-

Inside

Inter-

Between

Sub-

Below

Infra-

Below

Supra-

Above

My-

refers to muscles

Ante-

In front/before

Ceph-

Head

Brach-

Arm

Post-

After/Behind

Supine

Laying on back

Prone

Laying on stomach

Iso-

Equal

Hyper-

Higher than/greater

Hypo-

Lower than/lesser

Epi-

on outside of

Sagittal Plane

Transverse Plane

Frontal Plane

Ventral/Anterior

Front of body

Superior/Inferior

Above/Below

Medial/Lateral

Closer to midline/Away from midline

Cephallic

Head

Dorsal/Posterier

Back of body

Proximal/Distal

Close to/Away from

Superficial/Deep

On top/Underneath

Caudal

Tailbone

Cranial Cavity

Contains Brain

Thoracic Cavity

Contains heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains abdomen and pelvis

Mediastinum

Region between lungs, contains heart, esophagus, trachea

Pericardium

Membrane around the heart

Visceral Pericardium

Membrane that touches and surrounds the organ, the heart

Parietal Pericardium

Membrane that lines the Pericardial Cavity

Pericardial Cavity

Cavity surrounding the heart

Right and Left Pleural Cavity

Cavity around the lungs

Visceral Pleura

Membrane that covers the organ, the lungs

Parietal Pleura

Membrane the lines the Pleural Cavity

Peritoneum

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Visceral Peritoneum

Membrane that covers the organs in abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal Peritoneum

Membrane the lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Decomposition Reactions

Large molecule breaks into 2 or more smaller ones: AB -> A+B (ex. digestion)

Synthesis Reactions

Small molecules combine to form a larger one: A+B -> AB (ex. muscle building)

Reversible Reactions

Reaction can go in either direction under different circumstances: AB <-> A+B (ex. binding and release of oxygen to and from hemoglobin in red blood cells)

Basis for Reaction

Molecular motion and collisions

Reactions are Affected by

Concentration, Temperature, Catalysts (enzymes)

2 Types of Metabolic Reactions

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism

Energy storing synthesis reactions

Catabolism

Energy releasing decomposition reactions