Human Anatomy Lecture Notes - McKinley 4th Edition

These flashcards cover key concepts from the human anatomy lecture, including definitions, organ systems, and anatomical terminology.

What is anatomy?

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and its parts.

What is physiology?

Physiology is the study of the function of the body and how its parts work.

Describe the relationship between structure and function in anatomy and physiology.

Structure determines function; the anatomy of a body part is inherently related to its physiological role.

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

List the 11 organ systems in the human body.

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.

What are homeostatic control mechanisms?

Components involved in maintaining homeostasis: variable, stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector.

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms?

Negative feedback counteracts changes to stabilize the variable; positive feedback intensifies the change.

What is the anatomical position?

Standing upright, feet parallel and flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

What are anatomical directions?

Terms used to describe the location of structures relative to other structures (e.g., superior, inferior, anterior, posterior).

What is the difference between superior and inferior?

Superior means above, while inferior means below.

What does medial mean?

Medial refers to being closer to the midline of the body.

What are the four abdominal quadrants?

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

Name the nine abdominal regions.

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac.

What is gross anatomy?

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.

What is microscopic anatomy?

The study of structures that require a microscope to see, such as cells and tissues.

What is cytology?

Cytology is the study of cells.

Define histology.

Histology is the study of tissues.

What are the major types of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

What is the chemical level of organization?

The simplest level, consisting of atoms and molecules.

What is the cellular level of organization?

The level consisting of cells, the smallest living units in the body.

What constitutes the organ level of organization?

Two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions.

Explain organ systems.

Groups of organs that work closely together to perform complex functions.

What are the components of homeostatic control mechanisms?

Variable, stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector.

What is the role of receptors in homeostasis?

Receptors monitor the environment and detect changes in the variable.

What does the control center do in homeostasis?

The control center analyzes input from receptors and determines the appropriate output to effectors.

Give an example of negative feedback.

Sweating to cool down the body temperature.

Provide an example of positive feedback.

Blood clotting or the release of oxytocin during childbirth.

What are anatomical landmarks?

Specific references points on the body used to describe locations.

What is the function of serous membranes?

To line ventral cavities and secrete serous fluid to reduce friction.

What is the dorsal body cavity?

The body cavity that contains the cranial and spinal cavities.

What organs are found in the thoracic cavity?

Lungs (pleural cavities) and heart (pericardial cavity).

What is the significance of anatomical terminology?

It provides a universal language for healthcare professionals to describe locations and functions of body parts.

What characterizes the axial body region?

It includes the head, neck, and trunk.

What is a parasagittal plane?

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts that are not equal.

What is the relationship between the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

They are continuous and do not have a physical separation.

What does deep mean in anatomical terms?

Deeper structures are further away from the body surface.

Define the term visceral serosa.

The serous membrane that covers the organs.

What structures are included in the reproductive system for males?

Seminal vesicle, epididymis, and testes.

What structures are included in the reproductive system for females?

Uterus and ovaries.

What anatomical term describes 'farther from the point of attachment'?

Distal.

What anatomical term describes 'closer to the point of attachment'?

Proximal.

What are the four types of membranes found in the body?

Cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial membranes.

What does the term 'lateral' refer to?

Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

What is a transverse plane?

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

To provide support and protection for body organs and to facilitate movement.

What is the role of the muscular system?

To enable movement of the body through contraction.

Describe the main function of the lymphatic system.

To return excess interstitial fluid to the blood and help defend the body against pathogens.

What organ is primarily responsible for oxygen exchange in the respiratory system?

Lungs.

What is the role of the digestive system?

To break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the blood.

What does the term 'ventral' mean?

Ventral refers to the belly or front of the body.

What is the function of membranes in the body?

To cover or line body parts and organs, providing protection and facilitating movement.