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Chemistry
The science of the structure and interactions of matter.
Calcium is the most
Important ion in body
Hydrophilic
Interact readily with water
Hydrophobic
Do not interact readily with water
The ph indicates
Hydrogen ion concentration
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Mass
The amount of matter a substance contains.
Weight
The force of gravity acting on a mass.
Chemical Symbols
Abbreviations given to chemical elements.
Atoms
Units of matter of all chemical elements, composed of particles.
Protons
Positively charged particles located within the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Uncharged particles located within the nucleus.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles that move about the nucleus in energy levels.
Nucleus
The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
Valence Shell
The outermost shell of an atom that contains its valence electrons.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are much ____ and orbit around the ___
Lighter / nucleus
Electron cloud
Area around the nucleus that contains electrons
Electron shell
2 dimensional representation of an electron cloud
Element
A pure substance composed of atoms one of a kind can’t be broken down to simpler substances
Human body contains how many elements
13 main element 14 trace elements
Principal elements in human body
Oxygen , carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen
Covalent bond
Strong bond created when atoms share electrons
Sharing 2 , 1, , 3 pairs of electrons
Single covalent bond , double covalent bond , triple covalent bond
Liquid , solid , gas
Constant volume and shape / has volume no shape / and gas has neither
Work
The movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter
Energy
The capacity to do work
Types of chemical reactions include
Decomposition , synthesis, exchange , reversible
Solute
The dissolved substance
Solvent
The liquid in which the solutes are distributed
Water is a
Polar molecule
Ion is a
Atom w electric charge
Covalent bonds in 5 common molecules include
Hydrogen, oxygen , carbon dioxide, nitrogen , nitric oxide
Properties of water are
Universal solvent / reactivity / high heat capacity/ lubricant
Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Isotopes
Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Stable Isotopes
Isotopes that do not change their nuclear structure over time.
Radioactive Isotopes
Isotopes that are unstable because their nuclei decay.
Dalton
A standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and subatomic particles.
Ions
Atoms that have lost or gained electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.
Molecules
Combinations of two or more atoms that share electrons.
Free Radicals
Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron.
Compounds
Substances that can be broken down into two or more different elements by chemical means.
Chemical Bonds
Forces of attraction that hold the atoms of a molecule together.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom which determine bonding behavior.
Octet Rule
Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of eight electrons.
Ionic Bonds
Bonds formed by the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
Cations
Positively charged ions that have lost one or more electrons.
Anions
Negatively charged ions that have gained one or more electrons.
Electrolytes
Ionic compounds that dissociate into positive and negative ions in solution.
Covalent Bonds
Bonds formed by sharing pairs of valence electrons between atoms.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Bonds where electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Bonds where electrons are shared equally between atoms.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds that form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to another atom, usually nitrogen or oxygen.
Chemical Reaction
Occurs when new bonds are formed or old bonds break between atoms.
Reactants
Starting substances of a chemical reaction.
Products
Ending substances of a chemical reaction.
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.
Kinetic Energy
Energy associated with matter in motion.
Potential Energy
Energy stored by matter due to its position or state.
Exergonic Reaction
A chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat.
Endergonic Reaction
A chemical reaction that requires energy input to occur.
Catalysts
Chemical compounds that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
Synthesis Reactions
Reactions where two or more substances combine to form a larger molecule.
Decomposition Reactions
Reactions where a molecule is broken down into smaller parts.
Buffer Systems
Systems that help maintain pH balance in the body.
Acids
Substances that ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions.
Bases
Substances that accept protons or produce hydroxide ions in solution.
pH Scale
A scale that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down larger molecules into simpler ones by adding water.
Dehydration Synthesis
Joining two simple molecules while removing water.
Lipids
Organic compounds that are largely hydrophobic and include fats and oils.
Proteins
Macromolecules that provide structure, regulate processes, and serve as catalysts.
Nucleic Acids
Large organic molecules that carry genetic information.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The principal energy-storing molecule in the body.
Acids
Substances that ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions.
Bases
Substances that accept protons or produce hydroxide ions in solution.
pH Scale
A scale that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down larger molecules into simpler ones by adding water.
Joining two simple molecules while
Hydrolysis
Breaking down larger molecules into simpler ones by adding water.
Dehydration Synthesis
Joining two simple molecules while removing water.
Lipids
Organic compounds that are largely hydrophobic and include fats and oils.
Proteins
Macromolecules that provide structure, regulate processes, and serve as catalysts.
Nucleic Acids
Large organic molecules that carry genetic information.
Adenosine Tri
The principal energy-storing molecule in the body.
Lipids
Organic compounds that are largely hydrophobic and include fats and oils.
Proteins
Macromolecules that provide structure, regulate processes, and serve as catalysts.
Nucleic Acids
Large organic molecules that carry genetic information.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The principal energy-storing molecule in the body.