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91 Terms

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Chemistry

The science of the structure and interactions of matter.

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Calcium is the most

Important ion in body

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Hydrophilic

Interact readily with water

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Hydrophobic

Do not interact readily with water

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The ph indicates

Hydrogen ion concentration

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Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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Mass

The amount of matter a substance contains.

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Weight

The force of gravity acting on a mass.

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Chemical Symbols

Abbreviations given to chemical elements.

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Atoms

Units of matter of all chemical elements, composed of particles.

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Protons

Positively charged particles located within the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutrons

Uncharged particles located within the nucleus.

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Electrons

Negatively charged particles that move about the nucleus in energy levels.

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Nucleus

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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Valence Shell

The outermost shell of an atom that contains its valence electrons.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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Electrons are much ____ and orbit around the ___

Lighter / nucleus

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Electron cloud

Area around the nucleus that contains electrons

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Electron shell

2 dimensional representation of an electron cloud

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Element

A pure substance composed of atoms one of a kind can’t be broken down to simpler substances

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Human body contains how many elements

13 main element 14 trace elements

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Principal elements in human body

Oxygen , carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen

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Covalent bond

Strong bond created when atoms share electrons

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Sharing 2 , 1, , 3 pairs of electrons

Single covalent bond , double covalent bond , triple covalent bond

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Liquid , solid , gas

Constant volume and shape / has volume no shape / and gas has neither

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Work

The movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter

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Energy

The capacity to do work

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Types of chemical reactions include

Decomposition , synthesis, exchange , reversible

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Solute

The dissolved substance

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Solvent

The liquid in which the solutes are distributed

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Water is a

Polar molecule

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Ion is a

Atom w electric charge

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Covalent bonds in 5 common molecules include

Hydrogen, oxygen , carbon dioxide, nitrogen , nitric oxide

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Properties of water are

Universal solvent / reactivity / high heat capacity/ lubricant

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Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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Isotopes

Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Stable Isotopes

Isotopes that do not change their nuclear structure over time.

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Radioactive Isotopes

Isotopes that are unstable because their nuclei decay.

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Dalton

A standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and subatomic particles.

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Ions

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.

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Molecules

Combinations of two or more atoms that share electrons.

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Free Radicals

Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron.

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Compounds

Substances that can be broken down into two or more different elements by chemical means.

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Chemical Bonds

Forces of attraction that hold the atoms of a molecule together.

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Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom which determine bonding behavior.

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Octet Rule

Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of eight electrons.

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Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed by the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

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Cations

Positively charged ions that have lost one or more electrons.

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Anions

Negatively charged ions that have gained one or more electrons.

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Electrolytes

Ionic compounds that dissociate into positive and negative ions in solution.

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Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed by sharing pairs of valence electrons between atoms.

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Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonds where electrons are shared unequally between atoms.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Bonds where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

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Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds that form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to another atom, usually nitrogen or oxygen.

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Chemical Reaction

Occurs when new bonds are formed or old bonds break between atoms.

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Reactants

Starting substances of a chemical reaction.

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Products

Ending substances of a chemical reaction.

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Metabolism

All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with matter in motion.

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Potential Energy

Energy stored by matter due to its position or state.

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Exergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat.

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Endergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that requires energy input to occur.

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Catalysts

Chemical compounds that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

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Synthesis Reactions

Reactions where two or more substances combine to form a larger molecule.

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Decomposition Reactions

Reactions where a molecule is broken down into smaller parts.

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Buffer Systems

Systems that help maintain pH balance in the body.

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Acids

Substances that ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions.

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Bases

Substances that accept protons or produce hydroxide ions in solution.

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pH Scale

A scale that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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Hydrolysis

Breaking down larger molecules into simpler ones by adding water.

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Dehydration Synthesis

Joining two simple molecules while removing water.

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Lipids

Organic compounds that are largely hydrophobic and include fats and oils.

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Proteins

Macromolecules that provide structure, regulate processes, and serve as catalysts.

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Nucleic Acids

Large organic molecules that carry genetic information.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The principal energy-storing molecule in the body.

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Acids

Substances that ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions.

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Bases

Substances that accept protons or produce hydroxide ions in solution.

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pH Scale

A scale that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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Hydrolysis

Breaking down larger molecules into simpler ones by adding water.

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Joining two simple molecules while

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Hydrolysis

Breaking down larger molecules into simpler ones by adding water.

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Dehydration Synthesis

Joining two simple molecules while removing water.

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Lipids

Organic compounds that are largely hydrophobic and include fats and oils.

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Proteins

Macromolecules that provide structure, regulate processes, and serve as catalysts.

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Nucleic Acids

Large organic molecules that carry genetic information.

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Adenosine Tri

The principal energy-storing molecule in the body.

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Lipids

Organic compounds that are largely hydrophobic and include fats and oils.

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Proteins

Macromolecules that provide structure, regulate processes, and serve as catalysts.

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Nucleic Acids

Large organic molecules that carry genetic information.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The principal energy-storing molecule in the body.