MOL-BIO-2

What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

A nucleotide consists of one deoxyribose sugar, one phosphate group (PO4), and one nitrogen base.

What distinguishes DNA from RNA?

The presence of oxygen in the sugar determines if it is DNA (deoxyribose) or RNA (ribose).

What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA?

In DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine; In RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine.

Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

Thymine pairs with adenine in DNA.

What type of bond forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA?

Phosphodiester bonds.

What is the structure formed by the hydrogen bonds between purines and pyrimidines?

The double helix structure.

What is the difference between the A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA in terms of handedness?

A-DNA and B-DNA are right-handed, while Z-DNA is left-handed.

What is the term for the opposing orientation of the nucleotide chains in DNA?

Antiparallelism.

What is the role of restriction enzymes?

Restriction enzymes cut or restrict DNA at the sugar-phosphate backbone.

What is the significance of Type II restriction enzymes?

Type II restriction enzymes are commonly used in laboratories and bind to symmetrical DNA recognition sites.

What does DNA ligase do?

DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the 3’-hydroxyl and 5’-phosphoryl ends.

What is the function of tRNA?

tRNA transfers amino acids to mRNA for protein synthesis.

What does mRNA do?

mRNA transfers genetic information from genes to ribosomes to synthesize proteins.

What is the purpose of the 5' capping in pre-mRNA processing?

It protects the mRNA from degradation and aids in the initiation of translation.

During splicing, what is removed from the pre-mRNA?

Introns are removed from the pre-mRNA.

What is the primary structure of proteins?

The primary structure consists of a sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

What are essential amino acids?

Essential amino acids are those that must be obtained through food.

What is the mnemonic for remembering essential amino acids?

PVT TIM HALL.

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

RNA polymerase is responsible for the synthesis of RNA.