Untitled Flashcards Set

What role did Florence Kelley play in advocating for women workers' rights?

She was the first general secretary of the National Consumers' League, advocating for women's protection at work, especially after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.

What was the Supreme Court's decision in Muller v. Oregon (1908)?

The Court upheld a law limiting female factory workers to 10-hour workdays based on health concerns and maternal functions.

What did the 19th Amendment achieve?

It granted women nationwide suffrage in 1920 after years of activism.

What characterized the lifestyle of flappers in the 1920s?

Flappers were young women who challenged traditional gender norms with bobbed hair, short skirts, and public smoking/drinking, symbolizing social freedom.

Who was Margaret Sanger and what was her contribution to birth control advocacy?

Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League and opened the first legal birth control clinic in 1923.

What was the Great Migration?

A mass movement of 1.6 million African Americans from the rural South to Northern industrial cities between 1916 and 1930.

What were the main goals of Marcus Garvey and the UNIA?

To promote black separatism, economic self-sufficiency, and the 'Back to Africa' movement.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A cultural flowering of African American art, literature, and music in Harlem, NY, during the 1918 to mid-1930s.

What event is referred to as the Tulsa Race Massacre?

A violent conflict in 1921 that resulted in the destruction of 'Black Wall Street' and the deaths of hundreds of African Americans.

How did NAACP membership change in the 1920s?

Under James Weldon Johnson, NAACP membership grew from 9,000 in 1917 to 90,000 by 1920.

What was Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal?

A policy to ensure fair treatment for labor while protecting business interests, exemplified during the 1902 anthracite coal strike.

What did the National War Labor Board do?

It resolved labor disputes during WWI and established an 8-hour workday and equal pay for women.

Describe the economic transition in the United States between 1890 and 1920.

A shift from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban industrial economy, with more Americans living in cities by 1920.

What is welfare capitalism?

A system in the 1920s where companies provided benefits to workers, which contributed to the decline of union membership.

What was the significance of the Hawaiian Annexation in 1898?

It followed the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani by American planters and was strategically important during the Spanish-American War.

What was the Open Door Policy?

A policy urging nations to maintain free trade in China and affirming U.S. interest in Chinese territorial integrity.

What did the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine state?

It asserted the U.S. right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability and prevent European intervention.

How did Roosevelt mediate the Russo-Japanese War?

He helped negotiate a peace treaty, earning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

What was the role of yellow journalism leading up to the Spanish-American War?

Sensationalist reporting that exaggerated events in Cuba, generating public support for war against Spain.

What caused the explosion of the USS Maine?

It was blamed on Spain, but later analysis suggested it was an accidental internal explosion.

What was the controversy surrounding the acquisition of the Philippines?

Debate over the moral and constitutional implications of acquiring the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

What was the Philippine-American War?

A conflict from 1899 to 1902 where Filipino nationalists fought against U.S. occupation, resulting in significant civilian casualties.

What were some key accomplishments of the Progressive Movement?

Establishment of income tax, direct election of senators, women's suffrage, and various regulatory reforms.

What is pragmatism in the context of early 20th-century philosophy?

A philosophy that emphasized testing ideas by their practical outcomes rather than theoretical principles.

What was scientific management and who promoted it?

An efficiency approach promoted by Frederick W. Taylor, using time-motion studies and standardization to improve productivity.

What was the initial stance of the U.S. in World War I?

The U.S. declared neutrality when the war began in Europe in 1914.

What was the impact of the Lusitania sinking in 1915?

It shifted American public opinion against Germany after the loss of 128 American lives.

What was the content of the Zimmermann Telegram?

A secret German proposal for a military alliance with Mexico if the U.S. entered the war.

What were the Fourteen Points?

Wilson's peace plan that included self-determination, free trade, and the establishment of a League of Nations.

Why was the Treaty of Versailles rejected by the U.S. Senate?

Opposition largely stemmed from Article X, which mandated collective defense, and Wilson's refusal to compromise.

What did Warren G. Harding mean by 'Return to Normalcy'?

A call to return to pre-war conditions during his presidential campaign, emphasizing conservative policies.

What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?

A corruption scandal involving Secretary of Interior Albert Fall leasing oil reserves for bribes.

What economic policies did Calvin Coolidge implement during his presidency?

He embraced laissez-faire economics, reducing national debt and cutting taxes while promoting business.

What did the Immigration Restriction Acts of the 1920s entail?

They limited immigration based on nationality percentages from early 20th-century census data.

What was the significance of Prohibition?

The 18th Amendment prohibited alcohol sales, leading to organized crime and widespread lawbreaking.

What marked the economic prosperity of the 1920s?

A boom in the economy with significant consumer goods availability and the rise of installment buying.

What was the income inequality trend in the 1920s?

The wealthiest 1% owned 40% of the nation's wealth while average workers' wages lagged significantly.

What issues did farmers face during the agricultural depression of the 1920s?

Farm income fell drastically due to overproduction, falling prices, and high debt.

What was the stock market speculation period before the Great Depression?

A period characterized by a speculative bubble in stock prices, leading to the crash on 'Black Tuesday'.

What was the Washington Naval Conference?

A disarmament conference that established limits on naval construction among major powers.

What did the Dawes Plan accomplish?

It restructured German reparations payments and provided American loans to stabilize the German economy.

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

An international agreement to outlaw war as a national policy instrument, signed by 62 nations.

What was the Good Neighbor Policy?

A U.S. initiative to improve relations with Latin America by withdrawing troops from the Caribbean.

What did the Espionage Act of 1917 prohibit?

It prohibited interference with military operations, supporting U.S. enemies, and promoting insubordination.

What did the Sedition Act of 1918 criminalize?

It prohibited disloyal language about the U.S. government, flag, or armed forces.

What was the outcome of the Schenck v. United States case?

The Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act and established the 'clear and present danger' standard for free speech.

What was the significance of the Panama Canal?

A major engineering project that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed between 1904 and 1914.

What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?

An informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan to limit Japanese immigration to avoid formal exclusion.

What happened during the Boxer Rebellion?

A Chinese uprising against foreign influence, defeated by an eight-nation alliance.

What did Herbert Hoover oversee in relation to food during WWI?

He led the U.S. Food Administration and implemented voluntary rationing measures to support the war effort.