Sigmund frued

TRAITS

individual characteristics that contribute towards creating a personality

WHAT IS A THEORY?

is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses

Why Different Theories?

Alternate theories exist because the very nature of a theory allows the theorist to make speculations from a particular point of view and assumptions that are subject to individual interpretation

unconscious and the conscious.

Mental life is divided into two levels

unconscious proper and preconscious.

The unconscious, in turn, has two different levels

unconscious

contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness.

Unconscious drives

may appear in consciousness, but only after undergoing certain transformations. By the time these memories we see them as relatively pleasant, nonthreatening experiences.

phylogenetic endowment .

He called these inherited unconscious images our

preconscious

level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.

conscious perception and unconscious

The contents of the preconscious come from two sources

CONSCIOUS

It is the only level of mental life directly available to us.

CONSCIOUS

perceptual conscious system and within the mental structure.

PRECONSCIOUS

conscious perception and unconscious

THE ID

At the core of personality and completely unconscious is the psychical region called the id, It has no contact with reality, yet it strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires. Because its sole function is to seek pleasure

THE EGO

The ego, is the only region of the mind in contact with reality and is governed by the reality principle.

The ego becomes the decision-making or executive branch of personality.

THE SUPEREGO

Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles.

LIBIDO

Freud used the word for the sex drive.

e drives

originate in the id, but they come under the control of the ego.

IMPETUS

amount of force it exerts

SOURCE

region of the body in a state of excitation or tension

AIM

seek pleasure by removing the excitation or reducing the tension

OBJECT

the person or thing that serves as the means through which the aim is satisfied

Love

develops when people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves.

Sadism

is the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person.

Masochists

experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others

AGGRESSION

aim of the self destruction and is flexible and can take a number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation. humor, and the enjoyment of other people’s suffering

ANXIETY

Unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger.

NEUROTIC ANXIETY, MORAL ANXIETY, REALISTIC ANXIETY

TYPES OF ANXIETY

NEUROTIC ANXIETY

The feeling itself exists in the ego, but it originates from id impulses.

MORAL ANXIETY

Stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. It may also result from the failure to behave consistently with what they regard as morally right

REALISTIC ANXIETY

closely related to fear. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger

REPRESSION

Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by repressing those impulses into the unconscious mind.

REACTION FORMATION

One of the ways in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form.

DISPLACEMENT

people can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed

FIXATION

When the prospect of taking the next step becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stag

REGRESSION

during times of stress and anxiety, revert back to an earlier developmental stage.

PROJECTION

Defined as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious.

INTROJECTION

It is a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego

SUBLIMATION

redirects energy from an unacceptable impulse or emotion into a more socially acceptable one

ORAL PHASE

Infants obtain life-sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity, but beyond that, they also gain pleasure through the act of sucking.

ORAL RECEPTIVE

infants feel no ambivalence toward the pleasurable object and their needs are usually satisfied with a minimum of frustration and anxiety

ORAL SADISTIC

During this phase, infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, and crying. ✓ Their first autoerotic experience is thumb sucking, a defense against anxiety that satisfies their sexual but not their nutritional needs.

ANAL PHASE

This period is characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function.

early anal period

children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects and children often behave aggressively toward their parents for frustrating them with toilet training

e late anal period,

they sometimes take a friendly interest toward their feces, an interest that stems from the erotic pleasure of defecating. Frequently, children will present their feces to the parents as a valued prize If their behavior is accepted and praised by their parents, then children are likely to grow into generous and magnanimous adults.

anal character

This mode of narcissistic and masochistic pleasure lays the foundation for the

anal character

people who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion

Orderliness

excessive conscientiousness and concern with cleanliness

Stinginess

unwillingness to spend money or use resources or frugal

Obstinacy

a tendency to be stubborn or inflexibility