Microbiology (board exam)

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacteria called _______ _______?

Macrobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a _______ ________.

Bacterial infection

Most disease causing microorganisms are gram ____ ____ or gram ______ ________ bacteria.

negative rods/negative pleomorphic

Gram + coci do not form ______ and are _________.

spores/non-moble

Streptococcus bacteria are gram _____ _______ and are arranged in _______ or _______.

positive cocci/chains or pairs

S. pyrogens produce __________.

streptokinase

Group A Streptococci cause what illnesses?

Streptococcus pharyngitis, pyogenic infections, tonsillitis, and scarlet/rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever involves what part of the body?

heart, joints, skin, and brain

Streptococcus mutans processes ________.

sugar

S. mutans metabolizes sucrose to ______ _____ which creates and acidic environment which can ___________ ______.

lactic acid/ decriminalize enamel

Sucrose is used by S. mutans to produce __________.

Dextrans

Glucose, fructose, and lactose can be digested by S. mutans the end product is ________ _____.

Lactic acid ( not dextrans)

It is the combination of _______ and ________ that lead to dental caries.

plaque/acid

S. Mutans is NOT associated with _______ ________.

Periodontal disease

Endocarditis can release ______ into the blood stream where they implant into the __________ surface of the heart by producing extracellular _______. Which damage the ________ ______.

Viridand/endocardial/dextran/ Heart valve

S. intermedius and S. anginosus are associated with ____ ______ and _________ abscesses.

dental/brain/abdominal

S. mutans is associated with what?

Pit and fissure caries

S. sobrinus is associated with what?

smooth surface caries

S. salivarius is associated with what?

Colonizes oral tissues (tongue)

S. mitis is associated with what?

endocarditis

S. sanguis is associated with what?

plaque colonization and endocarditis

Viridans streptococcus are among the most common _______ organisms implicated in ______ _______.

aerobic/ facial cellulitis

S. pneumoniae can be encapsulated with _________ ______ which makes it very resistant and destructive.

polysaccharide layer

Staphylococcus is ________-___ resistant.

Penicillin-G

What are some characteristics of staphylococcus?

Non-mobile Non-spore forming *Facultative aerobe

*abscess formation

Staphylococcus aureus have significant exotoxins called ________ and _______.

coagulase/hyaluronidase

Staphylococcus aureus are major producers of _________.

Leukocidins

What is the most resistant disease causing organism?

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)

Bacillus is a causative organism for __________ and _____ __________.

anthrax/food poisoning

Clostridium tentani causes _____ ____ or _________.

lock jaw/tetanus

Spores are generally ______ _____.

dust born

Neisseris is a causative organism for _________ and _________.

meningitis/gonorrhea

Spirochetes is a causative organism for _______.

Syphilis

Gram --- spiral shaped organisms are found in associations with_____/____.

NUP/NUG

Lactobacillus is associated with ______ carious lesions ______ in enamel and are ______*.

advanced/deep/aciduric

Actinomyces are found in ______ _______.

Root caries

Cellular metabolic activity was NOT increased during ___ _____.

Lag phase

In what phase are microorganisms most pron to physical and chemical agents?

Logarithmic (exponential) phase

Prevotella is most often associated with _______ _________, ________ _________, and ______/______.

hormonal gingivitis, facial cellulitis, and NUP/NUG

What pathogen is very important in contributing to periodontal disease?

Porphyromonas gingivalis

P. gingivalis produces __________.

Collagenase

Most fungi are _______ _____.

Obligate aerobes

What is used topically to treat oral canadidiasis ?

Nyststin

What is used systemically to treat oral canadidiasis?

Fluconazole

After a host cell has been infected by a virus, what are the four possible outcomes?

Death, Transformation, latent infection, or chronic slow infections

Systemic infections of candida may involve:

lungs, kidneys, heart, esophagus

How big are viruses?

0.02-0.3 microns

What shape are viruses?

Helical or icosahedral in shape

Type and structure of viral nucleic acids are ____ or _____ NEVER BOTH.

DNA/RNA

RNA viruses are similar to _____

mRNA

Some examples of RNA viruses are:

Hep A, Influenza, MMR,and HIV*

DNA viruses have both _________ and _________ strands and cannot be translated into protiens until it is transcribed into ______.

positive/negative/mRNA

What is the role of mRNA?*

To move information contained in DNA to cells cytoplasm where protein synthesis can take place.

What is the Primary function of mRNA?*

Translation

Transcription is from _____ to _____.

DNA to RNA

Some examples of DNA viruses are:

HPV, Herpes, Varicella-Zoster, smallpox, Epstein-Barr Virus(EBV)

EBV is a member of _____ viruses family*

Herpes

Herpes viruses is a causative organism of _________.*

EBV

EBV is a causative organism for _________ __________.*

Infectious mononucleosis

What virus can cross the placenta?

Measles

Coxsackie virus is a causitive organism of _________.

Herpangina

There are 4RNA hepatitis viruses and 1 DNA virus. What is the 1 DNA hepatitis virus?*

Hep. B

What is hepatitis B surface antigan?

HBsAg

Anti-surface antigen HBsAg is what we get then we receive a ________.

vaccine

Hep B vaccine is an example of what type of immunity?

active inquired immunity