Lab Quiz 9 Flashcards

What is genetics?

The study of the patterns of genetic inheritance

What is Asexual reproduction?

It’s the simplest form of genetic inheritance, where a single parent produces offspring that receives an exact copy of the parent’s genes, and therefore is geneticallly identical (a clone) to the parent

What is sexual reproduction, and what happens during it?

It’s when genes from two parents are combined. It includes gametes (sperm and egg) production, which occurs during meiosis, followed by the fusion of the gametes during fertilization.

During sexual reproduciton, the genes that are passed to offspring are “shuffled” so that each offspring (unless they’re identical twins) is a unique combination of the parents’ genes

What type of reproduction produces produces genetic diversity?

Sexual reproduction produces genetic diversity

What form is DNA in the nucleus usually in?

Define it.

DNA in the nucleus is in chromatin form most of the time.

It’s when a double-stranded DNA molecule is wrapped around proteins called histones in a highly organized way.

What is a chromosome?

It’s the structure that forms within the nucleus before cell division, and is composed of chromatin tightly wound together into a liner shape.

What does the nuclei of a cell contain in each species? Name an Example

In each Species, it contains a characteristic number of chromosome types. For example, the nuclei in human cells have 23 chromosome types

What do each chromosome type contain?

They contain a distinct set of genes

What are diploid organisms?

They’re organisms that have two of each chromosome type

What is a homologous pair?

It’s what you call a pair of each chromosome type

Are Humans diploid or haploid? Why is this the case

Humans are diploid. This is because they have two of each chromosome type (22 homologues pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes) for a total of 46 chromosomes in the nuclei of cells.

In the nuclei of a human cell, what gets inherited from mom, and what gets inherited from dad?

One set of the 23 chromosomes types is inherited from the mother, and the other set of 23 chromosome types is inherited from the father.

What is a gene?

It’s a portion of DNA that encodes instructions for making a protein or RNA molecule.

How many genes can a chromosomes contain

They can contain anywhere from hundreds to thousands on genes.

What are alleles? Give an example

They are the different version of a gene. For example, the ABO gene encodes instructions for blood type, and since there are 4 main blood types [A, B, AB, O] the ABO gene has 4 alleles [A, B, AB, O]

What is a genotype?

They are the specific set of alleles an organism has

What is a phenotype?

The observable product from genes

How many alleles for each gene does a diploid organism have?

Since diploid organisms have two of each type of chromosome, they have two alleles for each gene.

What is homozygous?

It’s when the alleles of an organism are the same

What is hetrozygous?

It’s when the alleles of an organism are different

What is dominant? What is it represent by?

When an individual is heterozygous for a gene, this is the allele that determines the phenotype. It’s represented by an upper-case letter.