BIOS 1140 Exam 2: Quizzes

The CNS includes the ___ and ___.

brain, spinal cord

The PNS includes the ___ and ___.

spinal nerves, cranial nerves

Four types of neuroglial cells in CNS

astrocytes, olgiodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

Two types of neuroglial cells in PNS

satellite, schwann

In CNS neurons are myelinated by ___.

olgiodendrocyte cells

In PNS neurons are myelinated by ___.

Shwann cells

Four main regions of the brain

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain steam, and cerebellum

The region of the human brain where high thought is localized is the ___.

cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex is a thin layer of ___.

grey matter

The brain’s ventricles are filled with ____ and are lined by ependymal cells that synthesize and circulate it.

cerebrospinal fluid

Deep groove separating the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called

longitudinal fissure

Five lobes in each cerebral hemisphere

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

Three structures found in Diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Central nervous system tissue arrangement in the brain is a central core of ___ surrounded by a thing superficial layer of ___.

white matter, grey matter

In the spinal cord, the arrangement is a central core of ___ surrounded by a thin superficial later of ___.

grey matter, white matter

White matter is white because its neurons are ___.

myelinated

The paired large lateral ventricles are separated by a structure called the ___ and the ventricles are lined with a layer of ciliated ___ cells that help make and circulate CSF fluid.

septum pellucidum, ependymal

Nerves that originate in the midbrain

oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV)

Nerves the originate in the pons

directly: trigeminal (V)

Pontomedullary junction: abducens (VI), facial (VII), and vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Nerves that originate in the medulla oblongata

glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)

Cranial nerves that are purely sensory

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Cranial nerves that are purely motor

III, IV, VI, VII, XI

Spinal cord central canal is filled with ___, and the cord is surrounded by triple meninges.

cerebrospinal fluid

Meninges from most superficial to most deep layers

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

The spinal cord dorsal grey horns contain ____ nerves, while the ventral grey horns contain ___ nerves.

sensory, motor

dorsal root structure

has sensory neurons and a root ganglia

ventral root structure

motor neuron, no root ganglia

Descending white matter columns

carry motor impulses from the brain to target tissues

Ascending white matter columns

carry sensory impulses from peripheral tissues and organs to the the brain

Spinal nerve root structure

roots emerge from nerves proximal to where they enter spinal cord, are either motor or sensory

Spinal nerve structure

have ramus that are more distal branch of the nerve and is both sensory and motor

Cervical Plexus nerve

lesser occipital nerve, transverse nerve

brachial plexus nerve

median and ulnar nerves

Lumbosacral plexus nerve

femoral and obturator nerve

Sacral nerve

superior and inferior gluteal nerves

Difference between neuromuscular junction and synapse en passant

NMJ consists of neuronal axon termini, release ACh to single muscle cells

SEP are extended nodes to smooth muscle, release both ACh and norepinphrine

cervical spinous process structure

short and split

thoracic spinous process structure

large, long, pointed and directed posteroinferiorly

lumbar spinous process structure

blunt, short, and hatchet shaped

Three major classes of articulations

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Fibrous articulation

sutures

cartilaginous articulation

synchondroses

synovial articulations

major limb joints

Synovial joints typically are surrounded by a ___ containing ___.

bursa, synovial fluid

The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the ___.

sternum

The acromial end of the sternum articulates with the ___.

scapula

What pairs are true ribs and why

1-7, articulate directly with sternum through costal cartilage

What pairs are false ribs

8-10, connect to cartilages of rib 7

Floating ribs

11-12, no costal cartilage

Radius and ulna articulate proximally with the ___.

humerus

Prime movers of the arm

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid

muscles that cross both the glenohumoral joint and the humeroulnar/humeroradial joint (elbow joints)

biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Rotator cuff muscles

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

Rotator cuff muscles move what joint

glenohumeral