A&P Hormones

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Produced By: Anterior pituitary Function: Promotes cell growth/division by causing target cells to release somatomedins (also known as IGF/insulin-like growth factor); Also stimulates the breakdown of stored energy sources when needed

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Produced By: Anterior pituitary Function: Causes the thyroid to release hormones that increase metabolism and promote nervous/skeletal system growth

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Produced By: Anterior pituitary Function: Stimulates the ovaries to produce oocytes by oogenesis. Stimulates the testes to develop sperm via spermatogenesis

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Produced By: Anterior pituitary Function: Promotes secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries and induces ovulation in the ovaries; stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

Prolactin (PRL)

Produced By: Anterior pituitary Function: Produces milk in mammary glands

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Produced By: Anterior pituitary Function: Stimulates production and secretion of steroid hormones, which influence the metabolism of glucose/lipids/proteins

Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH)

Produced By: Intermediate Lobe or Pituitary gland Function: Stimulates melanin (pigment) production by melanocytes in skin

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Produced By: Hypothalamus (stored posterior pituitary) Function: Acts on the kidneys to retain water and decrease urination

Oxytocin (OXT)

Produced By: Hypothalamus (stored posterior pituitary) Function: Stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the uterus during childbirth; Also promotes the ejection of milk from the mammary glands

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Produced By: Thyroid gland Function: Stimulates tissue metabolism, energy utilization, and growth

Calcitonin

Produced By: Thyroid gland Function: Promotes calcification of bones (mostly in childhood) and increases calcium loss by the kidneys (reduces blood calcium levels)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Produced By: Parathyroid gland Function: Stimulates the absorption of calcium in the intestines and the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys (increases blood calcium levels)

Cortisol

Produced By: Adrenal glands (cortex) Function: Glucocorticoid (steroid); Affects glucose metabolism and can reduce inflammation initially

Aldosterone

Produced By: Adrenal gland (cortex) Function: Mineralocorticoid (steroid) stimulates sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys

Epinephrine/Adrenaline Norepinephrine

Produced By: Adrenal gland (medulla) Function: Facilitates "fight or flight" sympathetic nervous response

Melatonin

Produced By: Pineal gland Function: Protects nervous tissue and regulates sleeping patterns

Glucagon

Produced By: Pancreas Function: Stimulates organs and tissues to release stored glucose (increases blood sugar levels)

Insulin

Produced By: Pancreas Function: Stimulates organs and tissues to increase uptake of glucose (reduces blood sugar levels)

Estrogen

Produced By: Ovaries Function: Plays a role in sexual development, helps regulate female reproductive processes

Progesterone

Produced By: Ovaries Function: Prepares the uterus for possible pregnancy by stimulating growth and secretions of the endometrium

Testosterone

Produced By: Testes Function: regulate male reproductive processes and promote male secondary characteristics

Gastrin

Produced By: Duodenum, stomach Function: Increase stomach motility, stimulates production of gastric acid and enzymes