Wk 8 (Final) - GIT Stasis in Small Herbivores

Herbivore GIT

• large ________________ and ________________

• GIT is ________________

• inability to ________________

stomach; cecum; non-distensible; vomit

T/F: Everything that goes into small herbivores GIT will stay in there including fur and poor diet items

True

GIT stasis

• common proble

• is a “________________” not a ________________ per se

• generalized ________________

  • decreased peristalsis

• decreased stool production

• lack of appetite

• many causes

syndrome; disease; ileus

Paralytic vs mechanical ileus

• paralytic

  • generalized loss of ________________ from lack of ________________

  • most common form in ________________

• mechanical

  • obstruction (hairball, tumor, intussusception)

  • ________________ are rare in herbivores

peristalsis; motility; rabbits; GI tumors

T/F: It can be difficult sometimes to differentiate paralytic and mechanical ileus

true

Causes of static gut in herbivores

• ________________

• ________________ diet

• extreme ________________

• ________________

fur plugs; low fiber; stress/fear; Sx (ANESTHESIA)

Causes of static gut in herbivores

• ________________

• lack of ________________

• ________________ disease

• ________________ disease

• anything that causes pain and anorexia or stress

obesity; exercise; kidney; neuro

Common causes of pain - Rabbits

• ________________ - older

• ________________

• dental issues

  • ________________

  • ________________

• ________________ infection

• ________________ → acute abdomen

• ________________ is painful

arthritis; pododermatitis; spurs; root abscesses; ear; liver torsion; GI gas

What should you do if a rabbit comes in with pain?

• ________________ to screen for painful conditions and assess ________________

• sometimes you don’t find a cause

rads; gas patterns

Common cause of pain - GP

• ________________ - older

  • esp in ________________

• ________________

• dental issues

• ________________ infection

• ________________

arthritis; stifle; pododermatitis; middle ear (head tilt); uroliths

GI Stasis - Dx

• Hx

  • ________________ or ________________

• CS

  • ________________

• abdominal palpation

  • ________________ or ________________

hyporexia; anorexia; little or no stool; gas; ingesta

GI stasis - Dx

• ________________ to rule out secondary causes

• ________________ to show food and gas in GIT

• ________________ are the MOST IMPT tst in anorexic herbivores

blood testing; rads; rads

What is the most IMPT test in anorexic herbivores?

rads

Gastric bloat - Rabbits

• must differentiate from ________________

• stomach is full of fluid and gas and can ________________

  • requires ________________

generalized ileus; rupture; emergency Tx

Gastric bloat - Rabbits

• usually present acutely ________________

• may present as ________________

• rabbits do NOT develop ________________ but ________________ CAN

moribund; outflow obstruction; volvulus; GP

Gastric bloat - Rabbits

• shock = ________________

• Tx

  • ________________ with tube

• high ________________

  • some re-bloat

hypothermia (<99F); gastric decompression; mortality

T/F: Some rabbits will re-bloat even after you complete gastric decompression

True

Gastric decompression - Technique

• must be sedated enough to lose ________________

• 12-14 ________________ tube

• speculum/mouth gag

• gentle suction

• warm water lavage

• then ________________

  • give ________________

  • laxatone (cat hairball med)

  • ________________ if blood seen

gag reflex; French feed; leave in stomach; cisapride; sucralfate

Gastric bloat - GP

• usually present acutely moribund

• may represent outflow obstruction

• always check ________________ on rads

• ________________ is helpful or ________________

• high ________________ because advanced sick at presentation

stomach location (can torse); per cutaneous gas aspiration; pass tube (gastric tube) and suction

GI stasis - therapy

• fluids

  • ________________ and ________________

• GI motility modifiers

• pain management

• ________________ if bloated

• ________________ if hypothermic!!

enteral; parenteral; gastric decompression; IV shock fluids

GI stasis - Tx

• parenteral fluids

  • ________________ at ________________ ml/kg/day

    • given ________________ or ________________

• motility meds

  • ________________

  • ________________

LRS; 75-100; SQ; IV; metaclopromide; cisapride

GI stasis - Tx

• analgesics

  • ________________

  • ________________

• ________________

• antacids

  • ________________

• success = passage of NORMAL stool

buprenorphine; hydromorphone; maropitant; famotidine

Why should you NOT use NSAIDs right away for GI stasis?

gastric ulcers are common

GI stasis - Nutritional support

• assist0feed syringe formula

• ________________ if bloated

• ________________ formulations

• ________________ preparations

• ________________ Critical Care

• ________________ Emeraid Herbivore

NPO; low sugar; high fiber; Oxbow; LaFeber

GI stasis - Abx

• used if:

  • ________________ case

  • ________________, ________________ rabbits with ________________

long standing; shocky; hypothermic; mucoid feces

What should you think if you see mucoid feces?

anaerobes

Mucoid enteropathy - Rabbits

• usually seen in ________________ rabbits

• can be seen in ________________ with moderate digestive disturbances

• produce mucous in ________________

baby; adults; hindgut

Mucoid enteropathy - Rabbits

• associated with ________________

• Causes

  • ________________

  • ________________

bacT overgrowth; Clostridium; endotoxemia

Mucoid Enteropathy - Rabbits

• Tx

  • meds for ________________

    • ________________ or ________________

anaerobes; metro; injectable penicillin

GI stasis

• inpatient vs outpatient

  • stress levels of rabbit and owner

    • ability to provide ________________

    • ________________ in gut stasis

  • ________________ and blood testing results

  • ________________

  • dehydrated, painful and hypothermic patients should stay IN hospital

quiet cage; time; age; body temp

GI stasis - Surgery?

• choose carefully because of ________________

• ________________ is often successful

• Sx or euthanasia in these cases:

  • ________________ in GP

  • ________________ in rabbits

high mortality; medial management; gastric torsion; liver torsion

T/F: Necrotic gut from endotoxemia can’t be fixed with Sx

True

Hairballs

• ________________ are uncommon

• ________________ prevents hair accumulation

• ________________ and ________________ adds hair

true trichobezoars; high fiber diet; high-shedding; cage-mate grooming

Liver torsion - Rabbits

• typically ________________ and ________________ rabbits

• present acutely anorexic and weak

• blood work shows ________________ and ________________

young (1-3yr); lop-eared; high liver enzymes; anemia

Liver torsion - Rabbits

• can result in ________________ and death

• Dx

  • ________________ or ________________

  • NOT seen on ________________

• Tx

  • mostly ________________

hemoabdomen; US; CT; rads; Sx (some can resolve with meds)

Uneaten cecotrophs vs true diarrhea?

• cecotrophs only produced ________________ in the ________________

• stool is normally ________________

SID; morning; all day

T/F: True diarrhea is a medical emergency in rabbits

True

Trud diarrhea - Rabbits

• first rule out ________________

• check fecal wet mount for ________________

  • pathogen for ________________ rabbits

  • not usually issue for ________________ rabbits

uneaten cecals; coccidia (Eimeria); baby; adults

True diarrhea - Rabbits

• Coccidia - Tx

  • ________________ or ________________

• ________________ are common and ________________ pathogenicity

• bacT overgrowth causes

  • stress

  • diet

  • ________________

sulfa drugs; ponazuril; pinworms; low; wrong Abx

What are these?

• Left (4x)

  • ________________

• Right (40x)

  • ________________

pinworm eggs; coccidia

Diarrhea in GP and Chinchillas

• rule out Abx, diet, BacT, coccidia, giardia

• ________________ are RARE!

• all cases - do ________________ and send out for ________________ testing

nematodes; fecal wet mount; ova/parasite/giardia