histo exam 3

Elastic artery (Aorta)

circular lumen w thick walls

Intima: Thick and typically folded

Media: thich w Hella elastic fibers within smooth muscle

Adventitia: Thin

vasa vasorum in media + intima

WPBs

in tunica intima of endothelial cells

von Willebrand Factors

P-selectin (recruits circulating leukocytes to site of injury)

Muscular Artery

Distributing branches to specific body parts (Rad/ ulnar art)

circular lumen w Lots of smooth muscle

Intima: Prominent internal elastic lamina

Media: thick smooth muscle layre

Adventitia: Thick

Arteriole

Branches of muscular art

circular lumen w thin wall

Intima: No internal elastic lamina

Media: V thin only 1 or 2 smooth muscle layers

Adventitia: Very thin

Continuous “ Tight” capillaries

Tightly packed endothelial cells

continuous BM

Mol transport via transcytosis or diffusion

Fenestrated capillaries

Small circular fenestrae ( Holes) in endothelial cells

Continuous basal lamina

More extensive molecular exchange

In the kidney, intestine, the choroid plexus, endocrine glands

Sinusoidal “ Discontinuous” capillaries

Bigger than most capillaries

Larger fenestrae

Wide intercellular space and discontinuous basal lamina

Hella exchange of macromolecules and blood cells

In liver, spleen, bone marrow, some endocrine glands

Venules

Irregular shaped and hella large Lumen

V thin wall with 1 - 3 layers of smooth muscle

Material exchange with surrounding tissue

Primary site for white blood cells leaving circulation

Converge into collecting venules, then muscular venule

Vein

3 layers of tunics but not well defined,

no elastic lamina

Very low pressure,

large irregular shaped lumen with thin walls

chaotic Valves project from the intima to prevent back-flow of blood

Reticulocytes

rRNA remnants

immature RBC w no nuc

high reticulocytes = low RBC (anemia/ bleeding)

low reticulocytes = bone marrow issue

Rouleaux Formation

Occurs with increased plasma proteins, particularly fibrinogen and globulins

Thalassemia

target cell

hereditary spherocytosis

deficiencies of band 3, protein 4.2, spectrin (most common), or combined spectrin and ankyrin deficiency

Sphere-shaped RBCs with NO ZONE OF PALLOR

Howell - Jolly Bodies

Inclusions of nuclear chromatin remnants

only a few dots in rbc

happens when spleen isnt working right or not there

megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia

Neutrophil

nuc have 3 - 4 lobes connected by chromatin

60%-70% of total leukocytes

Larger than RBC

Contain only neutrophilic secondary granules

Band neutrophil

immature neutrophils

Increased number commonly seen in infection

hoarse shoe but nondemented nuc

Eosinophil

Bilobed nuclei with eosinophilic red/ pink granules

Granules contain peroxidase, eosinophilic cationic protein, and histaminase

Basophil

Irregular nuclei, hidden by large basophilic specific granules

Mast cell

very condensed basophilic (purple) granules that hide nuc

darker in center!

Monocyte

Bigger than RBC

Kidney or C-shaped nuclei

NO specific granules

cytoplasmic vacuoles!

Lymphocyte

(Bcell, Tcell, or NKcell)

Round oval nuc

scant cytoplasm

NO GRANUALES

Plasma Cells

Large dense eccentric reound / oval nuc

peripherally dispersed heterochromatin with "clock-face" pattern

Enlarged Golgi apparatus

Platelets

not real cell its a cytoplasmic fragment

no nuc

tiny + basophilic

Primary bronchi
C-shape rings of hyaline cartilage

thin layer of smooth muscle

respiratory epithelium

glands

secondary / tertiary bronchi

have plates of hyaline cartilage

folded resp mucosa

glands

Bronchiole

ciliated pseudostratified columnar transitions to simple cuboidal

hella smooth muscle

No cartilage, glands, or goblet cells

Dense connective tissue

Terminal Bronchiole

end of conducting zone

Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

Club/ Clara Cell

NO GOBLET CELLS

less smooth muscle than other bronchioles

Clara / Club Cells

Replace goblet cells and protect the bronchioles

Dome-shaped non-ciliated

apical projection within epithelial cells

Secrete surfactant-like material and antibiotic peptides

Detoxification of inhaled particles by enzymes

stem cells for all bronchiolar epithelium

Respiratory Bronchioles

ciliated cuboidal epithelium and club cells

Walls interrupted by openings to alveoli

Smooth muscle underneath

club cells and scattered alveoli

Alveolar Ducts

Distal end of the respiratory bronchioles branch into alveoli ducts that are completely lined by the openings of alveoli

Small knobs of smooth muscle covered by cilia-free simple cuboidal cells that project into lumen

Respiratory epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar all attached to the basement membrane

goblet and basal cells throughout

Goblet Cells

Found in respiratory epithelium ( nasal cavity, sinuses, trachea)

produce mucus/ pale staining

apical surface between pseudostratified columnar cells

Basal Cells

stem cells for epithelial cells

single layer on basal surface of columnar cells resting on basement membrane

Anterior nasal cavity

vestibule

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium near opening changes to nonkeratinized deeper

contains sebaceous and sweat gland

Paranasal Sinuses

Air filled cavities communicating with nasal passages

Lined with respiratory mucosa continuous with nasal cavities

Venous sinuses warm air, mucus traps junk, cilia sweep it towards nasopharynx

a few small seromucous glands and fewer goblet cells than nasal cavity

Chonchae

Superior conchae : olfactory epithelium

Middle and inferior conchae : Lined with respiratory epithelium

Olfactory epithelium

lines Superior nasal concha and roof of nasal cavity and upper septum

Olfactory cells

Sustentacular cells

Basal cells

Bowman’s glands

NO GOBLET CELLS

loose ct

Olfactory cells

bipolar neurons which initial nerve impulse

Nuc in middle of epithelium

replaced by basal cells

axons in lamina propria

Sustentacular cells

supporting cells for olfactory cells

apical surface

Structural support

Small microvilli

Bowman’s glands

secrete mucus, IgA, and lysozymes

Produce odorant binding molecules that aids in transporting scents to olfactory receptors

Epiglottis

Elastic Cartilage

Covers entrance to larynx during swallowing and attaches to hyoid bone

Superior/ lingual surface: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Inferior/ laryngeal surface: respiratory epithelium

Upper / False vocal folds (vestibular folds)

non-keratinized stratified squamous + respiratory epithelium

bumpy surface w seromucous glands,

Lower/ true vocal folds

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

vocalis muscle

No seromucous glands

Trachea

Hyaline cartilage

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

hella seromucous glands