Environmental Toxicology and Climate Change in Pharmacy (Test 1)

gas

Ozone

bioaccumulates

PBCs

Herbicide

Glyphosate

Solid

Particulate Matter

Climate Change

-long-term shifts in temps and weather patterns

-some shifts occur naturally

-driven by human activities by burning fossil feuls

gases

-heat trapping

-Carbon dioxide (CO2)

-Methane (CH4)

-Nitrous oxide (N2O)

-Industrial gases (hydrofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride)

-Water vapor (not impacted by humans)

The greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

Climate change causes

-fossil fuels lead to emissions

-1/4 of power is currently renewable

-burn fossil fuels to produce energy for making items

-mining releases gases

-when tress are cut they release carbon

-forests absorb CO2

-transportation uses fossil fuels

-producing food

20-30%

Pharmaceuticals contribute to _________ of the overall carbon footprint of health systems in high-income countries.

-research and development

-manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients

-product of finished pharmaceuticals

-transfer to wholesale distributers

-distribution to pharmacies and hospitals

-prescribing and dispensing to patients

-patient travel and disposal

How do pharmaceuticals contribute to the carbon footprint of health systems?

-health (physical and mental)

-property damage/loss

-food insecurtiy

What are the impacts of climate change

asthma, allergies, CV and respiratory diseases

What impact does air pollution and increasing allergens have on human health?

health-related illness and death, CV failure

What impact does extreme heat have on human health?

water supply impacts, dust storms, valley fever

What impact does drought have on human health?

forced migration, civil conflict, loss of hobs and income

What impact does environmental degradation have on human health?

injuries, fatalities, loss of homes, CV and respiratory diseases

What impact does wildfires and smoke have on human health?

exacerbation of racial and health inequities and vulnerabilities, loss of employment

What impact does degraded living conditions and social inequities have on human health?

lyme disease, West Nile Virus, hantavirus, malaria, encephalitis

What impact does changes in vector ecology have on human health?

malnutrition, foot insecurity, higher food prices, food-borne illness

What impact does food system impacts have on human health?

injuries, fatalities, loss of homes, indoor fungi and mold

What impact does severe weather and floods have on human health?

harmful algal blooms, caplobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, leptospirosis

What impact does water quality impacts have on human health?

1) air quality

2) extreme weather

3) rising temperatures

4) vector-born diseases

What are the 4 impacts of climate change we discussed?

air quality

-Increased: wildfires, allergens, pollution

-Health outcomes:

Cardiovascular diseases

Respiratory diseases

Mental health distress

Allergy-related illnesses

Extreme weather

-Increased: flooding, storms, droughts

-Health outcomes:

Waterborne illnesses

Mental health distress

Injury/death

Respiratory diseases

Rising temperatures

-Increased: heatwave frequency, heat islands

-Health outcomes:

Dehydration

Heat stroke

Cardiovascular illnesses

Respiratory illnesses

Mental health distress

Vector-borne disease

-Increased: storms, precipitation and temperature fluctuations

-Leads to insect population and behavior changes

-Health outcomes:

Vector-borne diseases

severe weather

-supply chain disruption and damage to infrastructure

-acute and chronic stressors on health systems

extreme heat

-med related risks associated with heat exposure

-temp impacts on med stability, med device function

air pollution and wildfire smoke

-increased respiratory and CV morbidity and mortality

-changing risks and med utilization patterns

changing patterns of infectious disease

-changing needs for disease surveillance and prevention

-challenges in new drug and vaccine development, AMR

-pandemic reponse

biodiversity loss

-loss of traditional meds

-loss of sources of new drug discovery