The Renaissance and The Reformation- Lap 3 WH

renaissance in italy

mid-1300s

stated in Florence and spread to rest of italy

resulted from the changes in society at the end of mid. ages

• weakening of feudalism

  • growth of monarchy

• weaking of manor system

  • growth of cities, trade, and economy

    • power of kings strengthening

focused more on secular and lesson religious because people are happier on earth so they are less focused on getting to heaven (Still religious!!)

• role of church?

Florence

“the cradle of the renaissance”

wealthy center of trade

unofficially under the rule of the de Medici fam

• rich banking fam w/ lots of ambition

• will extend power to all of italy and more

  • daughters marry to kings of spain and sons become popes

attracted many amazing artists because of de Medici patronage

Lorenzo de Medici

grandson of Cosimo (reason why the family becomes so powerful) (patron of the arts)

wanted to beautify florence

advertised to artists to beautify city for money

REASON FOR THE START OF THE RENAISSANCE

patron

financial supporters

causes of the Italian renaissance

1. urban city

   1. everything happens in the city because of increased trade

   2. led to growth of powerful merchant class to be patrons of arts

2. rebirth of interest in classical world

   1. greek and roman culture

      1. why? its when europe was last beautiful and had culture

3. secular society

   1. no longer controlled by religion because people are happier

   2. more focused on personal goals and to become a Renaissance person

      1. person who is master of many skills

results of renaissance

1. focused on life more than religion

   1. exploration (trade)

2. challenge religious authority

   1. reformation

3. advances in science due to trade

   1. scientific revolution (being able to solve your own problems and not just relying on God)

4. intellectual movement

   1. humanism

5. achievements in lit. and art

humanism

based on individualism and secularism

• focused on worldly problems

glorifying personal achivements

emphasis on thinking for yourself and bettering yourself

does not replace christianity

petrarch

the father of humanism

• first modern poet- wrote about human emotions

• inspired Shakespeare to create the sonnet

Canzoniere

by Petrarch

love letters of Lora

• based on a little girl lora who died in the plague

  • all about human emotion and the loss of opportunity

  • secular

renaissance literature

influenced by classical world and humanism

emphasis on individual achivement (humanism) and how-to books were popular

• to become a renaissance person

Baldassare Castiglione

italian

writer, and frequent visitor of important people

• knew how to talk wit important people

make the Book of the Courtier

• how-to book on how to act to be the ideal courtier

  • how to act at a wedding/funeral/king/etc

• inspired by humanist ideas and code of chivalry

• says to be educated and be interesting (know histories, art, literature, etc)

Niccolò Machiavelli

political philosopher and diplomat

wanted to see italy united under a strong leader to keep france and spain from invading

• wanted for the “de medici” fam to let go of some power

  • got exiled

“it is better to be feared than loved”

“the ends justify the means”

wrote “the Prince”

• how to book on how to be an ideal leader

• emphasized that it is better to be feared than loved and to used with an iron fist

  • the goal is what matters, not how you got there

• said for rulers to be feared by the people

  • love=weakness

middle ages art

religious

symbolic

not realistic

never signed because the art is about God, not the artist

characteristics of Italian renaissance art

1. realism

   1. linear perspective-background, foreground, vanishing point

2. secular

   1. religious art made for churched financed by the pope

   2. portrait of nobles and common (who could afford)

3. inspired by classical world (greek and roman) because thats when europe was last beautiful

   1. nudes (kings, angels)

   2. columns and arches

   3. beauty balance and harmony

      1. to achieve perfection

renaissance artist characteristics

completed for patronage of merchants, city, and church (for money)

• made artists popular

wanted recognition and glory for themselves

• middle ages art were anonymous

types of art

painting

• fresco (italian)

  • paint on wet plaster

  • bright and vivid

  • limited on time because fresco will dry fast

  • mistakes are hard to fix (needed to chip off dry plaster to fix)

  • larger paintings

• oil

  • used in N. renaissance only

sculpture

architecture

Leonardo da Vinci

italy ren.

painted “last supper”, “mona lisa”

invented flying machine

painted, sculptor, architect, scientist, etc

• renaissance man

• rarely finished a work

• applied science to his artwork and wanted to find a mathamatical way to perfection

  • sketched everything and wrote notes backwards so nobody would steal his work

dissected the human body to master the human form

last supper

italy ren.

commissioned by the church on a basilica in Milan

started to chip off because he used a fresco and oil combination

shows balance (jesus in center with 6 people on each side)

shows humanism (all disciples have different responses)

Michelangelo

italy ren.

almost all his pieces were religious (catholic)

known for his sculptures

no one liked to work with him (ecotistical)

painted chapel ceiling for the pope reluctantly (didnt think he was a good painter)

• caused neck and back pain

• over 300 figures

• controversial because God is shown as a man

finishes back wall of chapel

• shows judgement day

  • because of protestant reformation (darker)

“david”

sculpture of david from bible

nude

14 ft tall and made of marble

realism (stance)

Rephael

Italian Ren.

famous from a young age

handsome

inspired by Michelangelo (soft color) and de vinci (mathematics and balance)

made several paintings of Madonna

made people look angelic and soft

died young and people mourned because of his lost potential

The northern renaissance art

less classical influence

masters of oil paint (allows for more detail); less frescos

not concerned with perspective

replicating EVERYDAY life with microdetail

• life of commoners/less nobels

• realism

Almbolism in everyday life

Albrecht Durer

n. ren

studied in italy

“leonardo of the north”

• because of ability to capture realism

engraved on wood/metal

used secular (nature) and realism in artwork

did not paint background

intense detail

painted Tall Grass and Self Portrait at 28

Jan van Eyck

n. ren

flemish

in Arnolfini Wedding he used intense detail

• had some religious themes in this painting (stations of the cross on mirror)

• incorporated his name in the paining (above the mirror)

used objects as symbolism for themes

printing press

invented in china first but eventually invented in europe

moveable type invented by Johann Gutenberg in germany

first printed Gutenberg Bible

IMPORTANCE:

allowed for information to spread fast

allowed for people to make their own opinions on the Bible and Christianity, not solely having to rely on the priests for their religious truths

commoners feel more empowered because they have access to information

• more revolts

literacy rate increases

The protestant reformation

because of the printing press, people now start reading the Bible for themselves, making individual interpretations, and want to reform the church

• question the Church’s power

splits church into catholics and protestants

ignited by Martin Luther

Causes of protestant reformation

1. humanism

   1. secular, thinking for yourself, bettering yourself

2. printing press

   1. spread renaissance ideas (humanism) and ideas of Matin Luther

3. church corruption

   1. excommunication leads to the church having pol. authority

   2. gets wealthy because of donations

      1. broke code of poverty

   3. indulgences being corrupt- hypothetically allowing the rich to go to heaven without actually being a good person

      1. people ? church because no indulgences in Bible

indulgences

pardon ($) for religious sin

less purgatory time and immediate access to heaven

sold to finish building the Vatican

early reformers

John Wycliffe and Jan Huss

spoke out about the churches corrupt political power and wealth (church not serving people)

excomm. and killed for it

Matin Luther

man who turned into a monk because St. Ann saved him from lightning

Luther is mad because of the indulgences from Johann Tetzel and corruption

wrote and nailed his 95 Theses on the Church door

goes to trial in Diet of Worms and sticks to his values

becomes and outlaw and hides in a followers castle and translated the Bible into German (people should be able to read the Bible in their native lang to fully understand)

people start revolting the church

Jojann Tetzel

the main person matrin luther was mad at for selling indulgences in Germany

95 Theses

all the things wrong with the church by Luther

nailed to the door of the church in Wittenberg Germany

eventually copied and spread by the printing press

makes everyone think and people start to talk about his ideas are not wrong..

Pope Leo X

says Luther is crazy but the people don’t believe him

excommunicated Martin Luther

calls Charles V to stop Martin

Charles V

holds Diet of Worms against Luther

overwhelmed in his failure, he becomes a monk and gives up his power

Peasant War

starts because the lower class in inspired by Luther and his rise against the nobels

around 10 years

ends with the peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg

where peasants and nobels negotiate peace to end the peasants war

they decide how to solve conflict of faith

• what cities are Lutheran/Catholic

  • North is generally Lutheran and south in generally Catholic

differences between Luther’s beliefs and Catholic Church

1. you achieve heaven through your faith

2. rejects Pope’s authority and Jesus is the only leader

3. the bible is the true guide to religious truth, not the pope

4. everyone needs to read the Bible “priesthood of all believers”

5. rejected saints

6. banned indulgences, pilgrimages, monasteries, and convents

7. approved of clergy marrying

8. rejects some sacraments because rituals cannot erase sin

John Calvin

head of switzerland’s reformation

was a french catholic, liked Luther’s ideas, and turned protestant

kicked out of france for religion and moves to swiss and starts calvinism in Geniva Switzerland (theocracy-no sep. between church/state)

belives in predestintion

Calvinism

predestination- your existance was planned by god a while ago

• no control over your own life

most ideas from Protestantism 9no pope, emphasis on bible, interpret bible yourself)

most followers in geneva

• live a simple, godly, disciplined, and hardworking life

spread into germany, france, netherlands, england, and scotland

led to fighting between catholics/calvinists and lutherans/calvinists

events of the spread of reformation

via printing press

Catholicism will become less popular

100s of protestant sects from Luther and calvin

• presbyterian by John Knox in scotland

• anabaptists (most radical) belived in adult baptism (sinful) and persecuted by everyone

will be spread by king in england

english reformation- how it started

Henry VIII past “defender of the (catholic) faith” spread reform

why?-

• the pope and king conflicted because the pope started to make decisions for the king

• henry wanted a divorce from his wife because she didn’t have a son

  • pope says no

    • he just makes his own church

act of supremacy

established the church of england (anglican) with henry as the head

Tomas Cranmer is the archbisop

• approved the divorce for henry

an irreversible split from the catholic church

forced- if not convert→ persecution and maybe even death

anglican church values

essentially the same- only minor differences

1. no more monasteries and convents

   1. gave that land to the followers of henry

2. clergy can marry

3. celebrated mass in english

4. enlgish bible

6 wives of henry VIII

1. Catherine or Aragon- divorced

   1. mother of mary (+1 daughter)

2. Anne Boleyn- beheaded (accused of adultry)

   1. mother of elizabeth (+1 daughter)

   2. +1 son but stllborn

3. Jane Seymour- died (in childbirth)

   1. mother of edward (+1 son)

   2. buried next to Henry

4. Anne of Cleves- divorced

   1. from germany

      1. never consecrated marriage

5. Kathryn Howard- beheaded (actually commits adultry)

   1. really young and makes him feel young

6. Katherine Parr- survived

   1. more of a nurse to Henry (was getting old)

Edward VI

inherted throne at 10 and dies at 16

Jane Seymour is his mother

tasked with trying to instill order into England

• used Book of Common Prayer (all people pray from same book) to unite England

says that Lady Jane grey, his cousin, is next in line, instead of Mary

• mary=catholic=bad

• Jane Grey is a cousin and protestant

  • doesnt want to be in power

  • gets dethroned after 7 days because Mary and her supporters kick her off (importance of bloodline)

Mary Tudor

half sister to edward

catholic- disliked by people and tired to make england more catholic (failed)

daughter of Catherine of Argon

married to King Philip of Spain (catholic)

• no one is happy because spain is rival of england

overall, very unpop

named bloody mary because she rounds up 400 protestant and burns them alive because they didnt convert to catholicism

dies of cancer (no heirs!!!)

Elizabeth I

daughter of Anne Bolyn

last tutor and greatest to rule england

protestant 9will eventually turn england protestant)

imprisoned in childhood

is very tolerant and allows catholics to rule without persecution

will make anglican church more palletable to catholics but instilling catholic rutials

• turns catholics anglican

will not marry because does not want to give up power to a man

well respected

dies with no heirs

Catholic reformation

counter-reformation

goal is to strengthen catholicism and slow spread of protestantism

led by Pope Paul III

How?

1. Council of Trent

   1. redefined catholic church

   2. discuss all the problems Marin found with the catholic faith

2. The Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books

3. Jesuit (members of the society of Jesus) and St. Ignatius Loyola

4. Women (went out of convents to do missionary work) like Teresa of Avila

Council of Trent

1. catholic believe in pope

2. Bible is not the only religious authority

3. all 7 sacraments

4. priest are cellebant

The Inquisition

the church’s court (with a judge) for people who broke church law

way for the church to rule out heresy, and spread fear so that Catholics will stay catholic

Index of Forbidden Books

way to stop Catholics from learning about the reform ideas

first banned book list

you wont go to heaven in you read these books

St. Ignatius Loyola

injured warrior turned catholic

goal is education of priest

made a university to teach priests how to counter argue the ideas from protestants

Teresa of Avila

spanish nun who didnt like the lax practices at her convent

promoted catholicism in her new order and inspired catholics to remain catholic

results of reformation

1. split christian church and created many protestant sects (calvanists, lutheran, presbysterian, etc etc)

2. persecution

   1. catholics vs protestants

   2. protestants vs protestants

   3. everyone vs anabaptists, jews, and muslims

   4. witch hunts- mostly women, diabled people, etc (outcasts) used as scapegoats for the problems (sickness, bad harvent) of the church

3. europe divided because of religion

   1. catholic: italy, spain, IRELAND, portugal, S. germany

   2. protestant: england, scotland, n. germany, ales, denmark, sweden, norway

   3. mixed: france

4. religious wars

   1. internally in france and germany (peasant war)

   2. between catholic and protestant countries

      1. spain versus england