Chapter 2: Historical Perspectives of Radiology

Archimedes

Explained the reaction of solids when placed in liquids.

Archimedes Principle

States that the upward bouyant force of an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the wieght of a fluid the object displaces

Buoyancy

The tendency of an object to float

Buoyancy

The concept that Archimedes proposed/discovered

Sink

If the solid is denser than the liquid, the solid

Float

If the solid is less dense than the liquid, the solid will

Democritus

Described materials as composed of ultimate particples

Democritus

Proposed the Atomic Theory

Atoms

Tiny, uniform, solid, hard, incompressible, and indestructible material that everything is made up of

Thales of Miletus

Discovered some effect of electricity

Thales of Miletus

Discovered the presence of static electricity

Static Electricity

Created through friction or induction

Amber and Rabbit Fur

In discovering static electricity, Thales rubbed together

Amber

Fossilized Resin

Thales of Miletus

Made the first ever recorded incident of static electricity

Electricity, Vacuum and Image Recording

The physical aspects of science that paved way to the advancements in medical imaging

William Gilbert of England

The father of electricity and magnetism

William Gilbert of England

First man to extensively study electricity and magnetism

William Gilbert of England

Discovered that the earth acts like a giant magnet

Robert Boyle

Experimented with electricity through a vacuum, which merit him a place among serious investigators

Robert Boyle

Discovered that electricity does not need air to be produced

Vacuum

A space with little to no matter/air

Isaac Newton

Imrpoved the static generator

Isaac Newton

Descovered Gravity

Static Generator

A machine that produces static electricity

Charles Dufay

Worked with glass, silk and paper to distinguish two different kinds of electricity

Glass, Silk and Paper

What did Charles Dufay use to distinguish the two different kinds of electricity

Vitreous Electricity

Produced by rubbing glass with an object

Vitreous Electricity

Also known as positive charge

Resinous Electricity

Produced by rubbing amber with an object

Resinous Electricity

Also known as negative charge

Charles Dufay

First person to describe electric attraction

Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet

made significant improvements on the electroscope

Electroscope

A vessel for discharging electricity under vacuum conditions

Electroscope

Detects and measures electrical charges

Scope

Means to measure or view

Benjamin Franklin

Conducted many electrical experiments in electricity

Benjamin Franklin

Conducted the kite experiment

Kite Experiment

The experiment that Benjamin Franklin conducted

Kite, with a Key attached to the string

What were the materials of the Kite Experiment

Benjamin Franklin

Discovered that lightning is a form of electricity

William Watson

Demonstrated a current of electricity by transmitting electricity from a Leyden Jar through wirex and vacuum tubes

William Watson

Discovered that electricity can travel through long distances

Leyden Jar

A primitive form of battery that stores electricity

William Morgan

Noticed the coloration difference in colors of partially evacuated tube

William Morgan

Noticed that colors of the glow of electricity changed with differing gases

Partially Evacuated Tube

A tube where some, but not all, air is removed from the vessel

Michael Faraday

Induced an electric current by moving magnets in and out of a coil

Electromagnetic Induction

An act of producing electric current through movement

Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff

Most significant changes/improvements on induction coils

Induction Coils

A transformed used to increase the power of low-voltage supplies

Johan Wilhelm Hittorf

Conducted several experiments with cathode rays

Cathode Ray Tube

Vacuum Tubes with two electrodes

Cathode and Anode

The two electrodes

Cathode to Anode

The direction of electrons in a Cathode Ray Tube

Cathode Rays

Beam of energy that travels from cathode to anode

Electrons

The present term for Cathode Rays

Shadows

Travels in a straight line as they produce

William Crookes

Further studied and investigated cathode rays

Crookes Tube

An improved version of the cathode ray tube

Paddle Wheel

What William Crookes used in his experimentation of cathode rays

William Crookes

Discovered that electron streams has momentum

Philipp Lenard

Added a thin aluminum window in the cathode tube, where cathode rays can exit

Evangelista Torricelli

Produced the first recognized vacuum

Evangelista Torricelli

Invented the Barometer

1643

When was the barometer invented

Mercury

Evangelista Torricelli placed _ in a glass tube, covered it with a dish, inverted it, and observed the vacuum of air created

Barometer

Measure atmospheric pressure

Barometer

The instrument used in weather forecasting

Otto Van Guericke

Invented an air pump that was capable of removing air in the vessel tube

1646

When did Otto Van Guericke make the air pump

Magdeburg Hemisphere Experiment

An experiment that used two, large, hollow, copper hemispheres and fitted them together and removed all the air inside

External Pressure

Teams of Horses tried separating the copper hemispheres but were unsuccessful due to the strong

Herman Sprengel

Further developed Guericke's pump by making it remove almost all air

1659

When did Robert Boyle repeat Guericke's experiment

1865

When did Herman Sprengel repeat Guericke's experiment

William Goodspeed

Produced the first ever radiograph

1890

When did William Goodspeed produce the first radiograph

William Goodspeed

Produced the first radiograph but never experimented or investigated it, so it was not recognized

Johann Heinrich Schulze

Produced the first photographic copy of written material

1727

When was the first photographic copy of written material produced

Chalk, Silver Salts, and Nitric Acid

What was Schulze's solution made of

Darkens

If silver salt is exposed to sunlight, it ____

Richard Leach Maddox

Produced a film with gelatin silver bromide

1871

When did Maddox produce a film with gelatin silver bromide?

Gelatin Silver Bromide

What did Richard Leach Maddox produce?

George Eastman

Produced and Patented Roll-Paper film

George Eastman

Founder and owner of Eastman Kodak Company

Eastman Kodak Company

Name of George Eastman's company

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Father of Diagnostic Radiology

March 27, 1845

Birthday of Roentgen

February 10, 1923

Deathday of Roentgen

Friedrich Conrad Roentgen

Roentgen's father

Textile Merchant

The occupation of Roentgen's father

Bertha Ludwig

Roentgen's wife

Bertha Ludwig's left hand

What was the first human x-ray?

Reactor in the physics department

Roentgen's profession

Wurzburg University

Where did Roentgen work?

November 8, 1895 (Friday Night)

When did Roentgen discover the X-Ray?

Mezzanine floor of Wurzburg University

Where did Roentgen discover the X-Ray?