AP Human Unit 6 Part 1

Which of the following defines Chicago's position in relation to the infrastructure of the United States?

(A) Site

(B) Situation

(C) Absolute location

(D) Vernacular region

(E) Transition zone

(B) Situation

All of the following were crucial to the emergence of the first cities EXCEPT

(A) an agricultural surplus

(B) a stratified social system

(C) labor specialization

(D) a system for food storage and distribution

(E) separation of the ruling system and the religious system

(E) separation of the ruling system and the religious system

Today, the greatest number of urban dwellers is found in

(A) North America

(B) South America

(C) Africa

(D) Europe

(E) Asia

(E) Asia

Historically, the growth of North American suburbs was most constrained by

(A) high land values

(B) zoning ordinances

(C) limited transportation

(D) housing shortages

(E) cultural preferences

(C) limited transportation

Prior to 1850 the location of all major North American cities was related, chiefly, to the presence of

(A) transcontinental highways

(B) defensive sites

(C) railroad junctions

(D) navigable waterways

(E) water power

(D) navigable waterways

Today, most of the United States and Canadian population lives in which of the following?

(A) Farming areas

(B) Rural nonfarming areas

(C) Central cities

(D) Metropolitan areas

(E) Small towns

(D) Metropolitan areas

Locational advantages important to the development of the earliest cities included

(A) availability of good harbors for large ships

(B) productive agricultural land and defensible sites

(C) temperate climate and proximity to coal mines

(D) good connections by road and canal

(E) proximity to manufacturing areas

(B) productive agricultural land and defensible sites

Which of the following is a correct statement about the major cities of the world?

(A) Most are located on rivers or seacoasts.

(B) Most are found in areas that are not very suitable for agriculture.

(C) Most primate cities are located in the United States and western Europe.

(D) They are concentrated between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.

(E) The world's fastest-growing cities are found in areas with the highest standards of living.

(A) Most are located on rivers or seacoasts

Since 1960 Brazil, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Tanzania have relocated their capital cities. Which of the following statements about the new locations is true for all five countries?

A) A militarily strategic location was chosen

B) An isolated location was chosen

C) An ethnically mixed location was chosen

D) A more central location was chosen

E) A coastal location was chosen

D) A more central location was chosen

An example of an important physical site characteristic is a

A) Major airport

B) Grid street pattern

C) Major central park

D) Natural harbor

E) Public sports facility

D) Natural harbor

Which of the following was NOT a reason for rapid suburbanization in the United States after the Second World War?

A) Mass production of the automobile

B) Reduction in long-distance commuting

C) Expansion of home construction

D) Expansion of the interstate highway system

E) Availability of low down payment terms and long-term mortgages

B) Reduction in long-distance commuting

Which of the following best explains why countries such as Brazil, Burma (Myanmar), Kazakhstan, and Nigeria would construct a new capital city in a different location from the old capital city?

A) To attract world trade to a new site

B) To distance the new capital cities from the countries' colonial histories

C) To be better protected from foreign invasion

D) To be better situated along transportation networks

E) To build modern, planned cities and administrative centers

E) To build modern, planned cities and administrative centers

All of the following are reasons for the rise of suburban development in the 1950s EXCEPT

A) The building of interstate highways

B) The G.I. Bill of Rights

C) Better public transportation

D) The desire for more space

E) Prefab construction methods

C) Better public transportation

Which of the following similarities best explains why cities such as Venice, Amsterdam, Hamburg, London, and Marseilles were early front-runners in urban development in Western Europe?

A) These cities were early hearths of domestication, functioning as centers of agricultural production

B) These port cities were centers of trade, serving as links in terms of capital and labor mobility

C) These cities were early adopters of sustainable design principles, providing an example for other cities

D) These industrial cities were centers of manufacturing, supplying Western Europe with new technology

E) These cities were hubs of population growth, rapidly expanding to become the first megacities

B) These port cities were centers of trade, serving as links in terms of capital and labor mobility

Which site factor best explains the linear pattern of urbanized areas extending between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York, and Boston?

A) The development of cities in the region was influenced by the abundance of deep-water harbors and waterfalls where the flat coastal plains met higher lands

B) The development of urbanized areas in the region was influenced by the ability to easily transport goods between coastal areas and the interior of the country

C) The growth of cities in the region was influenced by the accessibility of raw materials and markets through rivers and canals

D) The development of urbanized areas in the region was influenced by growing trade networks between Europe, the Caribbean, and North America

E) The growth of urbanized areas in the region was influenced by many cities achieving dominance as political, financial, and informational capitals

A) The development of cities in the region was influenced by the abundance of deep-water harbors and waterfalls where the flat coastal plains met higher lands

The urbanization and growth of the steel producing centers of the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, can best be explained by the site characteristics of

A) Large, local supplies of iron ore and intersecting railroads

B) Large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers

C) Large, local supplies of food and intersecting highways

D) Large, local supplies of skilled labor and seaports

E) Large, local supplies of educated workers and university growth poles

B) Large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers

The development of high-speed rail lines, highways, and communications systems has created cities that seem to be apart from traditional central-place hierarchies because they have developed complementary functions. Which of the following is an example of these so-called network cities?

A) London-Birmingham-Liverpool

B) Hong Kong-Shanghai-Beijing

C) Moscow-St. Petersburg-Kiev

D) Cleveland-Toledo-Chicago

E) Tokyo-Osaka-Nagasaki

E) Tokyo-Osaka-Nagasaki

What is a common impact of urbanization regardless of a country's level of economic development?

A) Urbanization means a loss of agricultural production due to the loss of farmland and farmworkers

B) Urbanization leads to a more egalitarian society as the difference between urban and rural lifestyles is reduced

C) Urbanization creates a larger cultural and economic gap between urban and rural areas

D) Urbanization creates a labor force with a diversity of job skills and compensation levels

E) Urbanization creates socially and economically diverse cities that have little social conflict

D) Urbanization creates a labor force with a diversity of job skills and compensation levels

Most countries within western Europe and South America are highly urbanized. Which of the following statements best explains an important similarity or difference in the urbanization of these regions?

A) Economic development occurred at the same rate in western Europe and South America, leading to similar levels of urbanization

B) Most countries in western Europe and South America are democracies, a form of government generally associated with urbanized societies

C) Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe

D) South America and western Europe share similar population growth rates, leading to comparable levels of urbanization

E) South America urbanized before western Europe because South America had large supplies of natural resources

C) Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe

Which of the following site factors is most significant in explaining the expansion of urban areas of Tokyo and Los Angeles following the Second World War?

A) Deepwater, protected natural harbors

B) Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines

C) Availability of forest resources

D) Seismic hazards and plate tectonic boundaries

E) Availability of freshwater resources

B) Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines

Which of the following best explains the rapid development of edge cities in the United States Southwest in comparison with other regions of the United States?

A) Edge cities have not developed in the Midwest region because residents abandoned the suburbs and moved into the inner cities for..

B) Edge cities developed in the Southeast region, but growth is limited because the government has zoned out commercial buildings at edge..

C) Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives

D) Edge cities have not developed in the Mountain West region because the rugged terrain cannot accommodate large-scale building projects

E) Edge cities have not developed in the New England region because the winter weather makes it expensive to heat commercial buildings

C) Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives

As old central business districts and industrial zones in more developed countries lost businesses and employment in the mid- to late twentieth century, suburban development expanded. Which of the following types of cities resulted from rapid suburban growth and the expansion of retail areas, office developments, business centers, and corporate headquarters?

A) Megalopolises

B) Financial districts

C) State capitals

D) Edge cities

E) Manufacturing zones

D) Edge cities

La Défense is an edge city constructed in the late twentieth century and characterized by high-rise office buildings. Which of the following best explains why La Défense is located on the outskirts of Paris?

A) The land at the center of Paris is filled with numerous historic buildings that residents do not want torn down

B) Land in the city center is not as valuable as land on the edge of the city

C) The center of Paris is not well-served by public transportation

D) La Défense needs access to the river in order to export manufactured goods to other countries in Europe

E) The center of Paris is inhabited by low-income residents, and wealthy residents prefer to live in the suburbs

A) The land at the center of Paris is filled with numerous historic buildings that residents do not want torn down

Which of the following is true of an edge city?

A) It is located on the edge of a lake, river, or other physical feature

B) It is close to bankruptcy

C) It is an outlet for a region's trade

D) It is increasingly used for heavy industry

E) It has a large amount of recently developed retail and office space

E) It has a large amount of recently developed retail and office space

Which of the following statements best explains the growth pattern behind a majority of the world's megacities?

A) North American and European cities continue to dominate global financial services and generate large volumes of media and entertainment

B) Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries

C) Japan and Germany are the most highly urbanized developed countries in the world, with much of their economies focused on high technology and financial services

D) Brazilian and Mexican cities remain the largest metropolitan areas in the world because of continuous rural-to-urban migration

E) Africa and the Middle East have produced a large number of metropolitan areas where commercial development and real estate values have increased significantly

B) Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries

Which of the following best explains a geographic characteristic shared by megacities in the global periphery?

A) Megacities developed due to major investments in high-speed railways and subway systems

B) Abundant job opportunities in megacities lead to low unemployment rates

C) Deindustrialization is causing megacity populations to decline

D) Megacities demonstrate unplanned growth patterns and often contain squatter settlements

E) Megacities were built in strategic defensive locations and maintain a strong military presence

D) Megacities demonstrate unplanned growth patterns and often contain squatter settlements

Which of the following is the primary reason for the rapid population growth in megacities throughout the developing world?

A) Interregional migration

B) A decline in the death rate

C) The natural increase rate

D) The decline in the dependency ratio

E) A decrease in the doubling time

A) Interregional migration

In more developed countries, suburban development during the mid-twentieth century focused on moderate single-family homes on small lots. In contrast, in the latter half of the twentieth century, many suburban areas were developed to contain large lots with single-family homes. Which of the following explains the importance of this change?

A) Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars

B) Gentrification resulted from the reinvestment into existing urban residential real estate

C) Brownfields resulted from the deindustrialization of factories, warehouses, ports, and rail yards

D) Smart growth resulted from the planning of transportation networks dependent on trains and buses

E) New urbanism resulted from the zoning of mixed-use districts dependent on walkways and bikeways

A) Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars

Each year Paris, Milan, and New York City hold fashion weeks showcasing the latest in clothing design. Which of the following geographical processes best explains this impact on consumers?

A) Central business districts are increasingly commercialized

B) Push and pull factors affect the flows of urban migrants

C) World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture

D) Urban populations are correlated as described in the rank-size rule

E) Uneven development results from the dominance of primate cities

C) World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture

The presence of media hubs, coalitions focusing on specific environmental challenges, and headquarters for multinational corporations in major cities help explain how such cities

A) Avoid participation in global processes and decision making

B) Are linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries

C) Are isolated and dependent on national political boundaries for security

D) Preserve cultural heritage and contribute to increasing isolation

E) Generate individual wealth and drive economic development within city boundaries

B) Are linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries

International company headquarters, significant global financial functions, and a polarized social structure are defining characteristics of

A) Primate cities

B) Entrepôts

C) Forward capitals

D) World cities

E) Edge cities

D) World cities

In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in

A) The informal sector

B) Regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used

C) The field, close to the sources of agricultural production

D) National capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state

E) Major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo

E) Major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo

A movement that began in Italy as a reaction to the impact of globalization on the quality of daily urban life promotes

A) Smart growth, which concentrates growth in compact urban centers to avoid sprawl

B) Fordism, which promotes industrialization

C) Counterurbanization, which decreases the need for transportation infrastructure

D) Edge cities, which improve regional economies

E) Slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions

E) Slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of world cities?

A) They are capital cities in their respective countries and centers of political power

B) They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization

C) They are located in the interiors of their respective countries and require sophisticated transportation networks

D) They have political dominance within their respective regions and are former centers of colonial power

E) They have historical significance on a global scale and are located within early cultural hearths

B) They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization

Which of the following best illustrates how the world cities in the table are connected globally in ways that transcend national borders?

A) Tokyo developing into one of the largest megacities

B) London building a new financial district

C) London and Tokyo being seats of national governments

D) New York City and Tokyo being located in coastal environments

E) Chinatown and the United Nations being located in New York City

E) Chinatown and the United Nations being located in New York City

Which of the following statements best explains how the world cities listed in the table function within the world's urban hierarchy?

A) The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization

B) The cities with larger populations are the biggest drivers of global innovation

C) The cities with smaller populations can be expected to experience the fastest rates of population growth within the next several decades

D) The top ten world cities offer a wide array of services, but these services are restricted to local populations

E) The top ten world cities are diminishing in financial and cultural significance due to the process of globalization

A) The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization

According to central place theory, the threshold is defined as the

A) Economic base of a central place

B) Distance away from a central place

C) Gross value of the product minus the costs of production

D) Minimum number of people needed to support a service

E) Point at which consumer movement is at a minimum

D) Minimum number of people needed to support a service

Christaller's central place theory argues that which of the following patterns will occur?

A) The site of a city always influences the importance and power of a city

B) Land value decreases with increasing distance from the central business district

C) Large cities will outnumber smaller towns and cities

D) People are more likely to commute to a larger city to find a job

E) Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region

E) Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region

Which of the following best explains why New York City has more specialized stores than do smaller urban places in the United States?

A) Its status as a primate city

B) The rank-size rule

C) The gravity model

D) Central place theory

E) The Burgess concentric zone model

D) Central place theory

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the concept of range in Christaller's central place theory?

A) A major department store opens in a small town because the town does not have any major retailers competing for business

B) A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car

C) A high rate of rural-to-urban migration occurs in a developing country as people seek jobs in cities

D) A consumer purchases a home in the suburbs rather than in the nearest city because the cost of land is lower in the suburbs

E) A tech company is headquartered in a more developed country, but its customer service center is located in a less developed country

B) A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car

In the fundamentals of central place theory, which of the following terms is defined as the maximum distance a consumer will travel to acquire a good or service?

A) Distance decay

B) Threshold

C) Cost-to-distance ratio

D) Relative location

E) Range

E) Range

Which of the following groups of cities contains the best examples of central places with large hinterlands?

A) San Diego, Milwaukee, and New Haven

B) Atlanta, Denver, and Calgary

C) Baltimore, Ottawa, and Duluth

D) Las Vegas, Victoria, and Buffalo

E) Miami, Philadelphia, and Quebec City

B) Atlanta, Denver, and Calgary

Compare the largest urbanized-area populations for China and the United States and select the statement that correctly draws a conclusion regarding the pattern in the data.

A) China has a primate city, and the United States follows the rank-size rule

B) Neither country follows the rank-size rule

C) The United States is closer to following the rank-size rule

D) Both countries have a primate city

E) The United States has a primate city, and China follows the rank-size rule

C) The United States is closer to following the rank-size rule

Which of the following describes a primate city?

A) It is economically and politically inter-connected to other cities in the world

B) It is disproportionately large in relation to the next largest cities in that country

C) It is surrounded by walls like a fortress

D) It is linked by colonial administrators to an imperial power

E) It is primarily concerned with its role as a religious center

B) It is disproportionately large in relation to the next largest cities in that country

Central place theory describes the

A) Spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services

B) Tendency of different ethnic groups to congregate in a single location

C) Tendency of civilizations to form around certain natural features

D) Outward radiation of cultural patterns from a central place

E) Tendency of wealth to concentrate in urban core areas

A) Spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services

What aspect of the design of Brasília, Canberra, and Washington, D.C., was different from the design of most other urban centers?

A) They were designed as show places to reflect the power and wealth of their respective countries

B) Their design was based largely on transportation systems to allow for efficient movement of raw materials and finished products

C) They were planned around a major river to allow ease of movement of foodstuffs from the hinterland to the city

D) They were positioned near the center of their respective countries to help protect them from enemy attack

E) They were designed to utilize the hydro-power potential of the nearby rivers to attract manufacturing firms

A) They were designed as show places to reflect the power and wealth of their respective countries

An urban center that is disproportionately larger than the second largest city in a country and that dominates the country's social, political, and economic activities can be best classified as

A) A megalopolis

B) A conurbation

C) A primate city

D) An edge city

E) An imperial city

C) A primate city

The number of functions in a central place is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT the

A) Population of the central place

B) Population of the market area

C) Size of the market area

D) Distance to a place with similar functions

E) Total number of central places in the urban system

E) Total number of central places in the urban system

Which of the following best explains why geographers would expect two large urban areas in close proximity to one another to have extensive interactions, such as frequent airline flights between the cities?

A) Rank-size rule

B) Primate city

C) Gravity model

D) Central place theory

E) Threshold population

C) Gravity model

Which of the following is a general theory in geography that can be used to quantify and predict the interaction between two cities based on population sizes, distance between the places, the number of migrants moving from one place to the other, or the flow of trade goods between the two locations?

A) Central place theory

B) World system theory

C) Concentric zone model

D) Multiple nuclei model

E) Gravity model

E) Gravity model

A primate city such as Mexico City is

A) Always located in the center of its country for maximum accessibility

B) More than twice the size of any other city in its country and dominant economically and culturally

C) Most likely to share its rank size with at least one other city in the country

D) Always a national capital serving as the seat of government and industrial center of the country

E) Much larger than the cities in any neighboring country and serves as the region's financial capital

B) More than twice the size of any other city in its country and dominant economically and culturally

Which of the following is useful for describing a settlement node whose primary function is to provide support for the population in its hinterland?

A) Von Thünen's model of land use

B) Concentric zone model

C) Core-periphery model

D) Rostow's model of economic development

E) Christaller's model of central place

E) Christaller's model of central place

Which of the following accurately describes the city population data showing Bangkok (10.2M), Ho Chi Minh City (8.1M), Hanoi (4.3M), and Chon Buri (1.4M)?

A) Bangkok is both a metacity and a primate city

B) Hanoi is both a world city and a primate city

C) Ho Chi Minh City is both a megacity and a primate city

D) Hanoi is both a capital city and a primate city

E) Bangkok is both a megacity and a primate city

E) Bangkok is both a megacity and a primate city

Which of the following occurs when the cities in a country follow the rank-size rule?

A) There are two large cities with similar population sizes

B) The largest city is two times the population of the next-largest city

C) The largest city is three times the population of the next-largest city

D) The largest city is four times the population of the next-largest city

E) The largest city is five times the population of the next-largest city

B) The largest city is two times the population of the next-largest city

According to the rank-size rule, which of the following is typically true of higher-order services, such as hospitals with a large number of medical specialties?

A) They are located in suburbs

B) They are located in small towns

C) They have smaller ranges and thresholds

D) They have larger ranges and thresholds

E) They have larger ranges and smaller thresholds

D) They have larger ranges and thresholds

According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a country has a population of 10 million, the next largest city will have a population of

A) 9 million

B) 8 million

C) 7.5 million

D) 5 million

E) 3.5 million

5 million

According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a region has a population size of 900,000, then the third largest city will have a population of

A) 3,000

B) 9,000

C) 45,000

D) 300,000

E) 900,000

D) 300,000

According to the rank-size rule, which of the following is true about the second-largest city in a country?

A) It is almost equal in population to the largest city

B) It has a population that is twice the size of the third-largest city

C) It has half the number of functions as those in the largest city

D) It has half the population size of the largest city

E) It is located half as far from the largest city as is the third-largest city

D) It has half the population size of the largest city

Which of the following refers to the size and functional complexity of cities?

A) Multiplier effect

B) Urban hierarchy

C) Basic-nonbasic ratio

D) Threshold ratio

E) The Sector model

B) Urban hierarchy

According to Christaller's central place model, which of the following would most likely have the smallest range?

A) A university

B) An international airport

C) A grocery store

D) A professional football stadium

E) A symphony orchestra hall

C) A grocery store

Which of the following is a true statement about classic models of city structure?

A) The concentric zone model does not have a transitional area

B) The sector model is highly influenced by transportation patterns

C) The central business district has the most dominant position in the multiple nuclei model

D) The multiple nuclei model and the sector model are similar in that they both have only one core

E) The interaction between the central city and the suburbs is greatest in the urban realm model

B) The sector model is highly influenced by transportation patterns

Which of the following best explains the strength of the Griffin-Ford model of the Latin American city as a theoretical model in human geography?

A) The model presents a general theory that is most applicable to metropolitan areas that were once colonial-era Spanish cities

B) The model presents a general theory that is applicable to metropolitan areas that were first settled in the era of postcolonial independence

C) The model presents a general theory that is most applicable to metropolitan areas that were once colonial-era Portuguese cities

D) The model presents a general theory that is most applicable to metropolitan areas with service-based urban economies

E) The model presents a general theory that is most applicable to metropolitan areas with technology-based urban economies

A) The model presents a general theory that is most applicable to metropolitan areas that were once colonial-era Spanish cities

Which of the following urban models best addresses the types of specialization in suburban business districts shown in the Washington D.C. area edge cities table?

A) Burgess concentric zone

B) Galactic city

C) Urban realms

D) Hoyt sector

E) Borchert's epochs

B) Galactic city

Compared to the patterns shown in urban models of the United States and Canada, the Latin American city model best explains which of the following patterns?

A) Manufacturing districts are adjacent to the center of the city

B) Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine

C) Plazas are increasingly being built along peripheral areas

D) Squatter settlements are rapidly shrinking in the periphery and increasing in the central city

E) Gentrification has greatly improved housing along peripheral areas

B) Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine

Most Latin American cities are focused on a

A) Central plaza

B) Government housing project

C) Zone of heavy industry

D) Skyscraper office building

E) Squatter settlement

A) Central plaza