Anthro final cards

Cultural relativism

The principle of understanding cultures on their own terms without judging them by the standards of another culture.

Environmental determinist

A person who believes that environmental factors shape human behavior and cultural practices.

Biological determinism

The belief that human behavior and characteristics are primarily shaped by biological factors.

Interactionism

The theory that human behavior is the result of the interplay between individual actions and societal structures.

IQ

Intelligence Quotient, a measure of a person's intellectual abilities in relation to others.

Alfred Binet

A French psychologist who developed the first practical intelligence test.

Henry Goddard

An American psychologist known for his work on intelligence testing and eugenics.

Lewis Terman

An American psychologist who revised Binet's test and introduced the Stanford-Binet IQ test.

‘g’ factor

A construct used in psychology to measure general intelligence, representing the common cognitive abilities.

Eugenics (Francis Galton)

A movement founded by Francis Galton that aimed to improve the genetic quality of the human population.

Flynn Effect

The observed rise in average IQ scores over time in many parts of the world.

Gender

The social and cultural roles, behaviors, and attributes that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women.

Sex

The biological distinction between male and female organisms based on reproductive functions.

Chromosomes

Thread-like structures located in the nucleus of animal and plant cells that carry genetic information.

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various functions in the body.

Gonads

The reproductive organs that produce gametes; in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries.

Genitals

The external sexual organs; in males, the penis and scrotum; in females, the vulva.

Differences of Sexual Development (DSD)

Congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical.

Sexuality

The capacity for sexual feelings and the expression of sexual identity.

Homosexuality

Attraction or sexual orientation towards individuals of the same sex.

Heterosexuality

Attraction or sexual orientation towards individuals of the opposite sex.

Asexuality

The lack of sexual attraction towards others.

Bisexuality

Attraction to individuals of both the same and opposite sexes.

Grey-asexuality

A sexual orientation wherein a person experiences sexual attraction rarely or under specific circumstances.

Polysexuality

Attraction to multiple genders, but not necessarily all.

Pansexuality

Attraction towards individuals regardless of their gender identity.

Gynosexuality

Attraction towards femininity or female identity.

Androsexuality

Attraction towards masculinity or male identity.

Demisexuality

A sexual orientation characterized by sexual attraction that only occurs after a strong emotional bond.

Relatedness

The state of being connected or related to others in a social way.

Kinship

The web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans.

Descent (bilateral, unilineal)

The system by which members of a society trace their ancestry; bilateral recognizes both sides, unilineal recognizes one.

Matrilineage

A lineage in which ancestry is traced through the maternal side.

Patrilineage

A lineage in which ancestry is traced through the paternal side.

Endogamy

The practice of marrying within a specific social group or community.

Exogamy

The practice of marrying outside of a specific social group or community.

Marital residence patterns

Cultural practices determining where a married couple lives after marriage.

Neolocal

A residence pattern where a couple establishes a new home independent of both sets of parents.

Patrilocal

A residence pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's family.

Matrilocal

A residence pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's family.

Avunculocal

A residence pattern in which a married couple lives with the husband’s maternal uncle.

Monogamy

The practice of being married to one person at a time.

Polygamy

The practice of marrying multiple spouses.

Polygyny

A form of polygamy where one man has multiple wives.

Polyandry

A form of polygamy where one woman has multiple husbands.

Fraternal polyandry

A form of polyandry where brothers share a wife.

Bridewealth (aka bride price)

A transfer of wealth from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process.

Bride service

A period of time in which the groom works for the bride's family as part of the marriage agreement.

Dowry

Property or money brought by a bride to her husband at marriage.

Ritual

A ceremonial act or series of acts performed in a prescribed order.

Rites of passage

Ceremonies that mark an individual’s transition from one phase of life to another.

Myth

A traditional story, often explaining a cultural belief or natural phenomenon.

Animatism

A belief system attributing spiritual essence to all objects and elements of nature.

Animism

The belief that objects, places, and creatures possess distinct spiritual essence.

Priest

A religious leader authorized to perform sacred rituals and act as a mediator between humans and the divine.

Shaman

A person regarded as having access to and influence in the world of spirits, typically engaged in healing or ritual.

Trancing

The practice of inducing a trance state for spiritual or healing purposes.

Magic

The use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures, or language to exploit supernatural forces.

Witchcraft

The practice of magical skills, abilities, and powers that are often linked with negative or harmful outcomes.

Sorcery

The use of supernatural powers or magic to influence events, typically for personal gain.

Form

The specific structure or arrangement of something.

Function

The intended purpose or role of something.

Media

Various means of communication, including print and digital forms, that disseminate information.

Production

The process of creating goods or services.

Distribution

The process of delivering goods or services to consumers.

Consumption

The act of using up a resource or purchasing goods and services.

Modes of production

The ways in which goods are produced in a society.

Means of production

The resources, tools, and technology used to produce goods.

Relations of production

The social relationships that form during the production of goods.

Reciprocity (generalized, balanced, negative)

The exchange of goods and services where the return is not immediate (generalized), is equal (balanced), or is less than (negative).

Redistribution

The allocating of resources or wealth to achieve a more equitable distribution.

Market exchange

The process of exchanging goods and services through a market, typically involving currency.

Medical anthropology

The study of how health and illness are shaped by social, economic, and cultural factors.

Environmental anthropology

The study of how human societies interact with the environment.

Nutritional anthropology

The study of the relationship between nutrition, culture, and health.

Museum archaeology

The study of material culture as preserved in museums and their related collections.

Landscape archaeology

The study of the relationship between human activity and the landscape.

Forensic anthropology

The application of anthropology in legal contexts, often involving the examination of human remains.

Sharp force trauma

Injury inflicted by a sharp object, such as a knife.

Blunt force trauma

Injury resulting from impact by a blunt object.

High velocity projectile point trauma

Injury caused by an object traveling at high speed, such as a bullet.

Thermal trauma

Injury caused by exposure to extreme heat.

Antemortem

Before death; refers to injuries or conditions that occurred prior to death.

Perimortem

At or around the time of death; refers to injuries directly associated with death.

Postmortem

After death; refers to circumstances or injuries occurring after death.