Cardiovascular System

Why is cardiac output the same at submax with trained or untrained people?

Why is cardiac output the same at submax with trained or untrained people?

athletes have a low HR but high SV, others have it neutral or the opposite

Why do athletes have a greater VO2 max?

we use more of the oxygen that comes into our body

Why do some exercises result in a higher VO2 output?

more muscles are used

How does VO2 affect the blood?

more RBCs are produced

Function of leucocytes

immune system

Function of erythrocytes

transport oxygen

Function of blood

distribution, regulation, protection

Blood protects from

blood loss and infection

Blood regulates

body temp and ph

Erythrocytes shape and function

biconcave discs, 1/3 hemoglobin, fit through capillaries

What are erythrocytes manipulated by?

increased erythroprotein responsible for RBC production

Anemia

deficiency of red blood cells, reduces oxygen carrying capacity

Aplastic anemia

caused by radiation, results in damaged bone marrow

Iron deficiency anemia

caused by a dietary lack of iron, results in a deficiency of hemoglobin

AV node

delays impulses to allow time for ventricles to empty and fill

AV bundle

branch of fibers

Instrinsic regulation

regulates blood flow to specific tissues, occurs in the SA node, doesn't require nerve stimulation

Pulmonary

blood vessels carry blood from heart to lungs to heart

Systemic

blood vessels carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body, then back to the heart

Stroke volume

the amount of blood leaving the left ventricle

How many liters do we flush through every minute?

5

Cardiovascular drift

increased HR during prolonged exercise at the same intensity in a hot environment

Why does cardiovascular drift occur?

an increase in temperature results in a decrease of venous return (blood back to heart), changing blood viscosity (thickness), increasing HR but lowering stroke volume

Blood pressure

pressure of blood against arterial wall

Systolic (1st)

pressure while heart contracts to pump blood to the body

Why do we get nausea during exercise?

blood flow from the digestive system goes to the muscles

VO2 max

aerobic fitness, how efficiently can you use your oxygen

Fick equation

VO= HR x SV x Max artero-venous oxygen difference

Max artero-venous oxygen difference

difference between how much oxygen comes out of arteries compared to venules

Absolute VO2 max

use when comparing one similar population

Capillaries

thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins

Blood

liquid connective tissue

Comp of blood

plasma, platelets, RBC and WBC

Liquid portion of blood

plasma

Solid portion of blood

platelets, RBC and WBC

Function of platelets

repair

Leucocytes

white blood cells

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

Blood distributes

nutrients, proteins, gases

What does less O2 do to your blood?

stimulates more hemoglobin production

Function of hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen to organs and tissues

Sickle cell disease

caused by defective genes, results in abnormally shaped RBCs

SA node

pacemaker, reaches electrical threshold on it's own

Purkinje fibers

receive impulses and cause heart contractions

Extrinsic regulation

regulates blood flow throughout the body through the autonomic nervous system causing hormonal stimulation,

Autonomic nervous system

speeds or slows pacemaker firing by adjusting contributions from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

Cardiac output

the amount of blood pushed out of the heart with every beat

Equation for cardiac output

CO = HR x SV /1000 liters per minute

Why is the force of the heart greater with regular exercise?

regular exercise increases the rate of cardiac output, resulting in the myocardium stretching and more blood being able to enter and exit efficiently

When is the submax levels the same as the max levels?

with stroke volume

Who has higher stroke volumes?

trained athletes

Diastolic (2nd)

pressure when heart relaxes between beats

Relative VO2 max

takes body mass into account

Things that affect VO2 max

gender and age

Why does training impact VO2 max?

the HR decreases and SV increases

How does VO2 affect the muscles?

develop more capillaries so more O2 can be used