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Why is cardiac output the same at submax with trained or untrained people?
athletes have a low HR but high SV, others have it neutral or the opposite
Why do athletes have a greater VO2 max?
we use more of the oxygen that comes into our body
Why do some exercises result in a higher VO2 output?
more muscles are used
How does VO2 affect the blood?
more RBCs are produced
Function of leucocytes
immune system
Function of erythrocytes
transport oxygen
Function of blood
distribution, regulation, protection
Blood protects from
blood loss and infection
Blood regulates
body temp and ph
Erythrocytes shape and function
biconcave discs, 1/3 hemoglobin, fit through capillaries
What are erythrocytes manipulated by?
increased erythroprotein responsible for RBC production
Anemia
deficiency of red blood cells, reduces oxygen carrying capacity
Aplastic anemia
caused by radiation, results in damaged bone marrow
Iron deficiency anemia
caused by a dietary lack of iron, results in a deficiency of hemoglobin
AV node
delays impulses to allow time for ventricles to empty and fill
AV bundle
branch of fibers
Instrinsic regulation
regulates blood flow to specific tissues, occurs in the SA node, doesn't require nerve stimulation
Pulmonary
blood vessels carry blood from heart to lungs to heart
Systemic
blood vessels carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body, then back to the heart
Stroke volume
the amount of blood leaving the left ventricle
How many liters do we flush through every minute?
5
Cardiovascular drift
increased HR during prolonged exercise at the same intensity in a hot environment
Why does cardiovascular drift occur?
an increase in temperature results in a decrease of venous return (blood back to heart), changing blood viscosity (thickness), increasing HR but lowering stroke volume
Blood pressure
pressure of blood against arterial wall
Systolic (1st)
pressure while heart contracts to pump blood to the body
Why do we get nausea during exercise?
blood flow from the digestive system goes to the muscles
VO2 max
aerobic fitness, how efficiently can you use your oxygen
Fick equation
VO= HR x SV x Max artero-venous oxygen difference
Max artero-venous oxygen difference
difference between how much oxygen comes out of arteries compared to venules
Absolute VO2 max
use when comparing one similar population
Capillaries
thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins
Blood
liquid connective tissue
Comp of blood
plasma, platelets, RBC and WBC
Liquid portion of blood
plasma
Solid portion of blood
platelets, RBC and WBC
Function of platelets
repair
Leucocytes
white blood cells
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
Blood distributes
nutrients, proteins, gases
What does less O2 do to your blood?
stimulates more hemoglobin production
Function of hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen to organs and tissues
Sickle cell disease
caused by defective genes, results in abnormally shaped RBCs
SA node
pacemaker, reaches electrical threshold on it's own
Purkinje fibers
receive impulses and cause heart contractions
Extrinsic regulation
regulates blood flow throughout the body through the autonomic nervous system causing hormonal stimulation,
Autonomic nervous system
speeds or slows pacemaker firing by adjusting contributions from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
Cardiac output
the amount of blood pushed out of the heart with every beat
Equation for cardiac output
CO = HR x SV /1000 liters per minute
Why is the force of the heart greater with regular exercise?
regular exercise increases the rate of cardiac output, resulting in the myocardium stretching and more blood being able to enter and exit efficiently
When is the submax levels the same as the max levels?
with stroke volume
Who has higher stroke volumes?
trained athletes
Diastolic (2nd)
pressure when heart relaxes between beats
Relative VO2 max
takes body mass into account
Things that affect VO2 max
gender and age
Why does training impact VO2 max?
the HR decreases and SV increases
How does VO2 affect the muscles?
develop more capillaries so more O2 can be used